<div class="step">Introduction</div> <h1>Virtual Lab: Liquid-Liquid Extraction</h1> <h2>Separation of a Three Component Mixture by Extraction</h2> <p>Liquid-liquid extraction is a very common technique used in multiple fields from quality analysis of pharmaceutical products to refining chemicals on an industrial scale. This method uses the varying acid-base and solubility properties of organic molecules to separate them. In this virtual lab, you will perform the separation of a solid mixture composed of <b>$Acid</b>, <b>$Neutral</b>, and <b>$Base</b>.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$LLEintro</li></ul> <p>As you work through this virtual lab, you will: <ul><li><b>Make choices</b>, such as which reagent is appropriate or which isolation method to use. In doing so, you will be applying experimental design and identifying gaps in your knowledge in this safe space.</li> <li><b>View actual experimental techniques</b> via videos taken in the laboratory of all the major steps of this procedure.</li> <li>Finally, you will <b>characterize</b> the components of the mixture by melting point analysis and infrared spectroscopy to confirm the success of your separation.</li></ul></p> <p><h2>Before You Begin</h2></p> <p><b>Review the Liquid-Liquid Extraction Laboratory Unit</b> so you feel confident with concepts of acid-base chemistry, laboratory equipment, and techniques. This virtual lab is for you to make intentional decisions and not ‘guess’ what the right answer would be! If you struggle with decisions when completing the lab, review relevant sections of this laboratory unit again or reach out for help.</p> <p><b>Complete the associated Pre-Laboratory Quiz.</b> This quiz will test your understanding of the above laboratory unit.</p> <p>Set aside <b>90 minutes</b> to complete the virtual laboratory.</p> <div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Continue->instructions]]</span></button></div>{
<!--Initialization of relevant variables-->
(set: $showFooter to true)
(set: $SampleMass to "0."+(text: (random: 90,99))+" g")
(set: $NeutralMass to (either: "0.0"+(text: (random: 5,9))+" g", "0."+(text:(random: 10,30))+" g"))
(set: $BaseMass to (either: "0.0"+(text: (random: 5,9))+" g", "0."+(text:(random: 10,30))+" g"))
(set: $AcidMass to (either: "0.0"+(text: (random: 5,9))+" g", "0."+(text:(random: 10,30))+" g"))
(set: $OrganicSolvent to "dichloromethane")
(set: $OrganicSolventCap to "Dichloromethane")
(set: $Neutral to "9-fluorenone")
(set: $Base to "ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $Acid to "benzoic acid")
(set: $NeutralCap to "9-Fluorenone")
(set: $BaseCap to "Ethyl 4-Aminobenzoate")
(set: $AcidCap to "Benzoic acid")
(set: $Compound1cap to "Benzoic acid")
(set: $Compound2cap to "9-Fluorenone")
(set: $Compound3cap to "Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $Compound4cap to "Sodium salt of benzoic acid")
(set: $Compound5cap to "Hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $Compound1 to "benzoic acid")
(set: $Compound2 to "9-fluorenone")
(set: $Compound3 to "ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $Compound4 to "sodium salt of benzoic acid")
(set: $Compound5 to "hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $neutralMP to false)
(set: $baseMP to false)
(set: $acidMP to false)
(set: $neutralIR to false)
(set: $baseIR to false)
(set: $acidIR to false)
(set: $ExpOutlineLink to "<a href=\"_twine2/documents/3-comp-Exp-Outline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Experiment Outline Template (PDF)</a>")
<!--Reagent variables-->
(set: $RAq1 to "3 M HCl")
(set: $RAq2 to "3 M NaOH")
(set: $RAq3 to "12 M HCl")
(set: $RAq4 to "12 M NaOH")
(set: $RAq5 to "sat. sodium chloride (aq.)")
(set: $RSol1 to "3 M HCl")
(set: $RSol2 to "3 M NaOH")
(set: $RSol3 to "12 M HCl")
(set: $RSol4 to "12 M NaOH")
(set: $RSol5 to "Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (solid)")
<!--Reagent graphical assets-->
(set: $RAq1image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/3MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAq2image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/3MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAq3image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/12MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAq4image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/12MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAq5image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/NaCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"Saturated sodium chloride (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAq1caption to "<figcaption>3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAq2caption to "<figcaption>3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAq3caption to "<figcaption>12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAq4caption to "<figcaption>12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAq5caption to "<figcaption>Saturated sodium chloride (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAq1videoBase to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/sOhNe6ORMYs?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq2videoBase to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/pngiATlNhnk?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq3videoBase to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ChI2RCwL3FU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq4videoBase to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/aQJEfCru5PI?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq5videoBase to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/l93YMAsRoUw?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq1videoAcid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/xPJTsna55Z4?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq2videoAcid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/VmBKnnapJuM?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq3videoAcid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/HWLcHM_LH7k?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq4videoAcid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/VmBVcIdHylM?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAq5videoAcid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/NDK57XyCxtk?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RSol1image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/3MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RSol2image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/3MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RSol3image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/12MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RSol4image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/12MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RSol5image to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/bottles/Na2SO4-crop.png\"; alt=\"Anhydrous sodium sulfate container\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RSol1caption to "<figcaption>3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RSol2caption to "<figcaption>3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RSol3caption to "<figcaption>12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RSol4caption to "<figcaption>12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RSol5caption to "<figcaption>Anhydrous sodium sulfate container</figcaption>")
(set: $RSol3videocorrect to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/2a-vgKqlQn0?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RSol4videocorrect to "br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/T4ORMrY-r24?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RSol5videocorrect to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/QzkIi1eup2U?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
<!--Laboratory techniques-->
(set: $T1Acap to "Vacuum Filtration then Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $T1Bcap to "Vacuum Filtration then Distillation")
(set: $T1Ccap to "Decanting then Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $T1Dcap to "Decanting then Distillation")
(set: $T1Ecap to "rotary evaporation then decanting")
(set: $T1A to "vacuum filtration then rotary evaporation")
(set: $T1B to "vacuum filtration then distillation")
(set: $T1C to "decanting then rotary evaporation")
(set: $T1D to "decanting then distillation")
(set: $T1E to "rotary evaporation then decanting")
(set: $T2Acap to "Vacuum Filtration")
(set: $T2Bcap to "Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $T2Ccap to "Distillation")
(set: $T2Dcap to "Decanting")
(set: $T2Ecap to "No Further Treatment Required")
(set: $T2A to "vacuum filtration")
(set: $T2B to "rotary evaporation")
(set: $T2C to "distillation")
(set: $T2D to "decanting")
(set: $T2E to "no further treatment required")
(set: $T3Acap to "Decanting")
(set: $T3Bcap to "Distillation")
(set: $T3Ccap to "Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $T3Dcap to "Vacuum Filtration")
(set: $T3Ecap to "No Further Treatment Required")
(set: $T3A to "decanting")
(set: $T3B to "distillation")
(set: $T3C to "rotary evaporation")
(set: $T3D to "vacuum filtration")
(set: $T3E to "no further treatment required")
<!--Laboratory techniques graphical assets-->
(set: $T1Avideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/5nKU_rgv-ak?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T1Bvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/4oxKjrrwb8A?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T1Cvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/D7sqhp3gQUc?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T1Dvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/DpGfcdsDg8w?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T1Evideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/_WMzUORIwyQ?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T2Avideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/71wf7dZ8iiY?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T2Bvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/N9UxDlcZohA?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T2Cvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/_0PzoMwX9jY?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T2Dvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/051rwBgYwH4?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T2Evideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ANu4sNwq_TE?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T3Avideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/L5nSVIDZ5_s?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T3Bvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/5mru4gnSlfU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T3Cvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/27LXKKasYz4?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T3Dvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ykqpjU5W3VM?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $T3Evideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/NCN6Z0uTKL4?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
<!--Separatory funnel graphical assets-->
(set: $SFimageDCM to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/sf-org-layer.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing the three-component mixture dissolved in dichloromethane\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing the three-component mixture dissolved in $OrganicSolvent</figcaption>")
(set: $SFillusDCM to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf3-DCM.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing solution of 9-fluorenone, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and benzoic acid in dichloromethane\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing solution of $Neutral, $Base and $Acid in $OrganicSolvent</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasic1 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/sf-two-layers.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a solution of the three-component mixture dissolved in dichloromethane and 3 molar hydrochloric acid\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a solution of the three-component mixture dissolved in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasic1illus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf3-aqtop-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid\"><figcaption>Molecular scale diagram of the separatory funnel containing a solution of the three-component mixture dissolved in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFHClcorrect to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf3-aqtop-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFHClcorrectchoice to "Option 3")
(set: $SFHClincorrect1 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf3-aqbtm-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFHClincorrect1choice to "Option 2")
(set: $SFHClincorrect2 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf3-aqbtm-prot-neutral-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with hydrochloride salt of 9-fluorenone\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFHClincorrect2choice to "Option 5")
(set: $SFHClincorrect3 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf3-aqbtm-prot-neutral-base-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and hydrochloride salt of 9-fluorenone\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFHClincorrect3choice to "Option 1")
(set: $SFHClincorrect4 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf3-aqtop-prot-neutral-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with hydrochloride salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and benzoic acid\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFHClincorrect4choice to "Option 6")
(set: $SFHClincorrect5 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf3-aqtop-prot-neutral-base-HCl-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and hydrochloride salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with benzoic acid\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFHClincorrect5choice to "Option 4")
(set: $SFHCllabel to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf3-aqtop-HCl-label.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a solution of the three-component mixture dissolved in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasic2 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/sf-two-layers.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a dichloromethane solution and 3 molar sodium hydroxyde\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> solution and 3 M NaOH</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasic2illus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf2-aqtop-NaOH-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of benzoic acid and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone\"><figcaption>Molecular scale diagram of the separatory funnel containing a CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> solution and 3 M NaOH</figcaption>")
(set: $SFNaOHcorrect to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf2-aqtop-NaOH-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of benzoic acid and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFNaOHcorrectchoice to "Option 5")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect1 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf2-aqtop-NaOH-before-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium hydroxide and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect1choice to "Option 1")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect2 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf2-aqbtm-NaOH-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with 9-fluorenone and the aqueous layer on the bottom with sodium salt of benzoic acid\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect2choice to "Option 2")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect3 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf2-aqbtm-deprot-neutral-NaOH-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with sodium salt of 9-fluorenone\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect3choice to "Option 6")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect4 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf2-aqtop-deprot-neutral-acid-NaOH-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with benzoate ion\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect4choice to "Option 4")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect5 to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/incorrect/sf2-aqtop-deprot-neutral-NaOH-after-shaking.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with benzoic acid\"tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $SFNaOHincorrect5choice to "Option 3")
(set: $SFNaOHlabel to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf2-aqtop-NaOH-label.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of benzoic acid and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> solution and 3 M NaOH</figcaption>")
(set: $SF2compOrgimage to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/sf-org-layer.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing the organic mixture after extraction with 3 M HCl\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing the unknown mixture after extraction with 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SF2compOrgillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/sf2-orglayer.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing solution of 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid in dichloromethane\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing solution of 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid in dichloromethane</figcaption>")
(set: $SFfirstseplabelled to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/sf-mt-beaker.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing the unknown mixture dissolved in biphasic system of 3 M HCl and dichloromethane, empty beaker below\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing the organic mixture dissolved in biphasic system of 3 M HCl and dichloromethane, empty beaker below</figcaption>")
(set: $SFfirstsepDrainvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/I5tWrUPdIjU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $SFAqReagentAcidDrain to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/XMIl5Rx-0ak?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $SFsecondseplabelled to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/sf-mt-beaker.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing the organic mixture dissolved in biphasic system of 3 M NaOH and dichloromethane, empty beaker below\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing the unknown mixture dissolved in biphasic system of 3 M NaOH and dichloromethane, empty beaker below</figcaption>")
(set: $SFsecondsepDrainvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/HZxX-N0tQ5A?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
<!--Beaker graphical assets-->
(set: $BeakerOrgLayer to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/beaker-org.png\"; alt=\"Picture of beaker containing the organic layer\"><figcaption>Picture of beaker containing the organic layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgLayerillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-org-neutral.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer with 9-fluorenone\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer with 9-fluorenone</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgLayerDried to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/beaker-org-dry.png\"; alt=\"Picture of beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate\"><figcaption>Picture of beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgLayerDriedillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-org-neutral-dried.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayeracid to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/beaker-aq-acid.png\"; alt=\"Picture of beaker containing the first aqueous layer\"><figcaption>Picture of beaker containing the first aqueous layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayeracidilluspH to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-acid-pH.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer of pH 2\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer (pH = 2)</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayeracidillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-acid.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayeracidprecip to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/beaker-aq-acid-precip.png\"; alt=\"Picture of beaker containing the first aqueous layer once made basic with precipitate\"><figcaption>Picture of beaker containing the first aqueous layer once made basic with precipitate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayeracidprecipillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-acid-precip.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer once made basic with precipitate\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer once made basic with precipitate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayeracidprecipilluspH to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-acid-precip-pH.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer once made basic with precipitate\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the first aqueous layer once made basic (pH = 12) with precipitate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayerbase to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/beaker-aq-basic.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayerbaseilluspH to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-basic-pH.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer of pH 12\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer (pH = 12)</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayerbaseillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-basic.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayerbaseprecip to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/beaker-aq-basic-precip.png\"; alt=\"Picture of beaker containing the second aqueous layer once made acidic with precipitate\"><figcaption>Picture of beaker containing the second aqueous layer once made acidic with precipitate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayerbaseprecipillus to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-basic-precip.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer once made acidic with precipitate\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer once made acidic with precipitate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqLayerbaseprecipilluspH to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/vessels/beaker-aq-basic-precip-pH.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer once made acidic with precipitate\"><figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the second aqueous layer once made acidic (pH = 2) with precipitate</figcaption>")
<!--Melting point graphical assets and options-->
(set: $MPneutralvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LmSG8ClJ280?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPbasevideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/uwiKyJtdZ_w?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPacidvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/yLZu7Xcme14?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPneutral1 to "83°C")
(set: $MPneutral2 to "between 84-87°C")
(set: $MPneutral3 to "between 82-84°C")
(set: $MPneutral4 to "between 75-93°C")
(set: $MPbase1 to "between 89-91°C")
(set: $MPbase2 to "between 73-93°C")
(set: $MPbase3 to "90°C")
(set: $MPbase4 to "between 91-93°C")
(set: $MPacid1 to "between 122-125°C")
(set: $MPacid2 to "122°C")
(set: $MPacid3 to "between 110-126°C")
(set: $MPacid4 to "between 119-123°C")
<!--IR graphical assets and links-->
(set: $IRvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/QhQ91l4rL-c?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $IRneutralLink to "<a href=\"_twine2/documents/9-fluorenone_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">9-fluorenone IR spectrum (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRbaseLink to "<a href=\"_twine2/documents/ethyl_4-aminobenzoate_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ethyl 4-aminobenzoate IR spectrum (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRacidLink to "<a href=\"_twine2/documents/benzoic_acid_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">benzoic acid IR spectrum (PDF)</a>")
<!--Misc lab graphical assets-->
(set: $fhFullImage to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/fh-sepfunnel.jpg\"; alt=\"Fume hood containing an empty separatory funnel, an empty beaker and the solid sample\"><figcaption>Fume hood containing an empty separatory funnel, an empty beaker and the solid sample</figcaption>")
(set: $UnknownPrepVideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/-j1YpfgXgNI?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $fhEmptyImage to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/fh-empty.jpg\"; alt=\"Empty fume hood in chemistry laboratory\"><figcaption>Empty fume hood in chemistry laboratory</figcaption>")
(set: $RBForglayer to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/rbf-conc.png\"; alt=\"Round bottom flask containing the solid non-ionizable compound after rotary evaporation\"><figcaption>Round bottom flask containing the solid non-ionizable compound residue after rotary evaporation</figcaption>")
(set: $WGbaseimage to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/WGaminobenzoate.png\"; alt=\"Watch glass containing the solid ionizable base after vacuum filtration\"><figcaption>Watch glass containing the solid ionizable base after vacuum filtration</figcaption>")
(set: $WGacidimage to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/WGbenzoic.png\"; alt=\"Watch glass containing the solid ionizable acid after vacuum filtration\"><figcaption>Watch glass containing the solid ionizable acid after vacuum filtration</figcaption>")
(set: $LLEintro to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/LLE-intro-3comp.png\"; alt=\"Initial vial of the solid mixture containing three constituents: benzoic acid, 9-fluorenone, and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate\"><figcaption>Initial vial of the solid mixture containing three constituents $Acid, $Neutral, and $Base</figcaption>")
(set: $IsolationCompleteimage to "<img src=\"_twine2/images/lab/BA-LLE-3comp.png\"; alt=\"Initial vial of the solid mixture compared to the isolated compounds: benzoic acid, 9-fluorenone, and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate\"><figcaption>Initial vial of the unknown solid mixture compared to the isolated compounds: $Acid, $Neutral, and $Base</figcaption>")
(set: $WGwashing to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/KInr4hT8x4g?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
}<!--(append: ?Sidebar)[
(link: "Restart")[(reload:)]]-->(if: $showFooter is true)[<center><div class="footer">All material licensed under the Ontario Commons License (Version 1.0)
See (link: "Credits and Copyright")[(goto: "credits and copyright")]</div></center>]<div class="step">Introduction</div> <h1>Learning Objectives</h1> <p>In this experiment, you will use liquid-liquid extraction to separate a mixture composed of:<ul><li>an ionizable acid,</li><li>an ionizable base and</li><li>a non-ionizable (neutral) compound</li></ul></p> <p>Once separated, you will isolate and characterize all constituents.</p> <p>In order to successfully accomplish these things, you will be able to do each the following.<ul> <li>Identify which of the compounds can be extracted into the aqueous layer using their acid-base properties.</li> <li>Identify the organic and aqueous layers in a separatory funnel based on relative density of each layer</li> <li>Visualize the change in solubility (water-soluble or not) caused by ionization of organic molecules.</li> <li>Choose the appropriate reagents at each stage of the liquid-liquid extraction by following acid-base and laboratory safety principles.</li><li>Use characterization techniques (melting point analysis, infrared spectroscopy) to confirm the identity of organic molecules.</li></ul></p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$fhEmptyImage</li></ul><p>For safety reasons, you will be working inside the fume hood for your experiment today. The fume hood protects you from several hazards in the organic chemistry lab. Specifically: <ul> <li>The air flow contains potentially harmful (toxic, flammable, or noxious smelling) fumes from organic solvents and other chemicals used in this experiment, and</li> <li>When properly lowered, the glass sash also protects your face and upper body from splashes. The sash can also be fully closed if a fire starts in the fume hood and provide a barrier to slow the fire spread.</li></ul></p><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Begin->prep org solution]]</span></button></div><div class="step">Preparation of the Organic Solution</div> <p>Notice you now have a separatory funnel, an empty 100 mL beaker and your unknown sample in your fume hood.</p> <p>The unknown sample weighs approximately <b>1.00 g</b> and contains <b>$Base</b>, <b>$Acid</b> and <b>$Neutral</b> in equal portions by mass.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$fhFullImage</li></ul> <p>You must first begin by weighing an accurate mass of the sample prior to dissolution in <b>$OrganicSolvent</b>. This mass was <b>$SampleMass.</b></p><p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Write down the mass of solid mixture weighed in your experimental outline.</div></p> <p>$OrganicSolventCap is chosen as it will dissolve your organic compounds in their neutral, non-charged form. This solvent also meets other criteria for a good extraction solvent. Good extraction solvents should be:<ul> <li>non-miscible with water to allow the formation of two layers in the separatory funnel,</li> <li>inert to strong aqueous acids and bases and</li> <li>sufficiently volatile to be removed by rotary evaporation.</li></ul></p><p>Watch the video below to see the preparation of your unknown sample solution and addition to the separatory funnel.</p><p>$UnknownPrepVideo</p><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->choose aq reagent (base)]]</span></button></div><div class="step">Aqueous Reagent to Separate the Ionizable Base</div> <p>Your organic mixture is now dissolved in $OrganicSolvent and in the separatory funnel. Your next step is to <b>select an aqueous reagent</b> that will react with the <b>ionizable base</b> contained in the mixture.
=|=
<!--SF photo with 3 components dissolved in org layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFimageDCM</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--SF illustration, 3 components dissolved in DCM, org layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFillusDCM</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following aqueous solutions. <p><b>Click on a bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for each reagent if you need to review them.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[aq base 1<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq1image</div>]]$RAq1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aq base 2<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq2image</div>]]$RAq2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aq base 3<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq3image</div>]]$RAq3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aq base 4<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq4image</div>]]$RAq4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aq base 5<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq5image</div>]]$RAq5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RAq1)[(set: $AqReagentBase to $RAq1)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentBase")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq2)[(set: $AqReagentBase to $RAq2)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentBase")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq3)[(set: $AqReagentBase to $RAq3)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentBase")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq4)[(set: $AqReagentBase to $RAq4)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentBase")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq5)[(set: $AqReagentBase to $RAq5)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentBase")]</li></ul></div></p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq1image$RAq1caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq2image$RAq2caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq3image$RAq3caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq4image$RAq4caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq5image$RAq5caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Saturated sodium chloride (aq.)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/brine-black.png"><figcaption>Saturated sodium chloride (aq.), NaCl</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (base)]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">Aqueous Reagent to Separate the Ionizable Base</div> (if: $AqReagentBase is $RAq1)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div>You chose $AqReagentBase. This is the <b>correct</b> reagent to protonate the ionizable base compound and move it to the aqueous layer! <p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your aqueous reagent choice on your experimental outline.</br></div></p> <p>Watch the video below for this portion of the procedure, including how the shaking process allows for acid-base reaction to happen and cause the change in solubility of the ionizable base compound.</p> $RAq1videoBase <div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->biphasic system]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentBase is $RAq2)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div>You chose $AqReagentBase. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. While $AqReagentBase would ionize a molecule in your mixture, the instructions stated to choose a reagent that would react with the <b>ionizable base</b>. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentBase is incorrect.</p>$RAq2videoBase <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (base)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentBase is $RAq3)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div>You chose $AqReagentBase. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. $AqReagentBase would react with the ionizable base, but you must consider <b>safety hazards</b> of the reagents you use. Since you will be shaking the separatory funnel, splashes could happen. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentBase is incorrect.</p>$RAq3videoBase <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (base)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentBase is $RAq4)[<p><div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div></p> You chose $AqReagentBase. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. $AqReagentBase would ionize a molecule in your mixture, but the instructions stated to choose a reagent that would react with the <b>ionizable base</b>. In addition, you must consider <b>safety hazards</b> of the reagents you use. Since you will be shaking the separatory funnel, splashes could happen. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentBase is incorrect.</p>$RAq4videoBase <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (base)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentBase is $RAq5)[<p><div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div></p> You chose $AqReagentBase. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. Saturated aqueous NaCl will not allow for reaction with any of the components of the mixture. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentBase is incorrect.</p>$RAq5videoBase <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (base)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Composition of the Biphasic System</div> <p>Before you drained the two layers into separate beakers, you had an <b>acidic aqueous layer (around pH 2)</b> and a $OrganicSolvent solution in your separatory funnel. If you had the ability to see at the molecular level, what would the composition of the system be?</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFbiphasic1</li></ul><p><div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Choose the diagram that best represents what the biphasic system would look like at this point of the extraction. Click on the figures to see a larger view and a written description as needed, and <b>make your selection by clicking on the text below the image of your choice</b>.</br>
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFHClincorrect3<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFHClincorrect3</div>]]</li>(link: $SFHClincorrect3choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFHClincorrect1<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFHClincorrect1</div>]]</li>(link: $SFHClincorrect1choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFHClcorrect<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFHClcorrect</div>]]</li>(link: $SFHClcorrectchoice)[(set: $biphasic to "correct")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic")]</ul>]
|==|
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFHClincorrect5<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFHClincorrect5</div>]]</li>(link: $SFHClincorrect5choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFHClincorrect2<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFHClincorrect2</div>]]</li>(link: $SFHClincorrect2choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFHClincorrect4<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFHClincorrect4</div>]]</li>(link: $SFHClincorrect4choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic")]</ul>]
|==|
</div></p><div class="step">Composition of the Biphasic System</div> (if: $biphasic is "correct")[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the composition of the system!</br></div><b>Correct</b>, this is the best representation of the current state of the system!
=|=
<!--picture-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasic1</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasic1illus</li></ul>]
|==|
<p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Complete the first section of the flowchart on your experimental outline by checking the appropriate boxes to indicate the layer order and draw the molecules contained in each layer.</br></div></p><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[first layer separation<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $biphasic is "incorrect")[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the composition of the system!</br></div><b>Incorrect</b>, try again! Remember the mixture was dissolved in $OrganicSolvent and we used 3 M HCl as our aqueous layer.<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another diagram->biphasic system]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">First Layer Separation</div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFfirstseplabelled</li></ul> <p>The video below recalls how the bottom layer contained into the separatory funnel was drained.</p> <p>$SFfirstsepDrainvideo</p><div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which layer was drained from the separatory funnel at this point?</br><ul> <li>(link: "organic layer")[(set: $Layer1Guess to "correct")(goto: "feedbackFirstSep")]</li> <li>(link: "aqueous layer")[(set: $Layer1Guess to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackFirstSep")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">First Layer Separation</div>(if: $Layer1Guess is "correct")[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the phase identification!</br></div> <b>Correct</b>, as we used $OrganicSolvent for organic solvent, the organic layer is more dense than the aqueous one.<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHCllabel</li></ul> <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->choose aq reagent (acid)]]</span></button></div>] (if: $Layer1Guess is "incorrect")[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the phase identification!</br></div>That is <b>incorrect</b>. Remember the mixture was dissolved in $OrganicSolvent and we used 3 M HCl as our aqueous layer.
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another option->first layer separation]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Aqueous Reagent to Separate the Ionizable Acid</div> <p>At this stage, you have the ionizable base separated in the aqueous layer. The other two components of the mixture are still dissolved in the organic layer. It’s time to separate these two.<ul> <li>First, you drain your top aqueous layer containing the ionizable base and set it aside to deal with later.</li> <li>Second, you return the organic solution back to the separatory funnel.</li></ul> $SFAqReagentAcidDrain</p> <p>Now, you must <b>select an aqueous reagent</b> that will react with the <b>ionizable acid</b> contained in the mixture to complete the separation of all the constituents of the mixture.
=|=
<!--SF photo with org layer, 2 components-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SF2compOrgimage</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--SF illustration, 2 components in org layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SF2compOrgillus</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following aqueous solutions. <p><b>Click on a bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for each reagent if you need to review them. </p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[aq acid 1<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq1image</div>]]$RAq1caption</li><li class="flex-item">[[aq acid 2<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq2image</div>]]$RAq2caption</li><li class="flex-item">[[aq acid 3<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq3image</div>]]$RAq3caption</li><li class="flex-item">[[aq acid 4<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq4image</div>]]$RAq4caption</li><li class="flex-item">[[aq acid 5<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAq5image</div>]]$RAq5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br> <ul><li>(link: $RAq1)[(set: $AqReagentAcid to $RAq1)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq2)[(set: $AqReagentAcid to $RAq2)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq3)[(set: $AqReagentAcid to $RAq3)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq4)[(set: $AqReagentAcid to $RAq4)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $RAq5)[(set: $AqReagentAcid to $RAq5)(goto: "feedbackAqReagentAcid")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Aqueous Reagent to Separate the Ionizable Acid</div>(if: $AqReagentAcid is $RAq1)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div>You chose $AqReagentAcid. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. While $AqReagentAcid was used previously to remove the ionizable base from our original mixture, here you need a reagent that will ionize the <b>acidic component</b> of the mixture. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentAcid is incorrect.</p>$RAq1videoAcid <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (acid)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentAcid is $RAq2)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div>You chose $AqReagentAcid. This is the <b>correct</b> reagent to deprotonate the ionizable acid compound and move it to the aqueous layer! <p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your aqueous reagent choice on your experimental outline.</br></div></p> <p>Watch the video below for this portion of the procedure, including how the shaking process allows for acid-base reaction to happen and cause the change in solubility of the ionizable base compound.</p> $RAq2videoAcid<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentAcid is $RAq3)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div> You chose $AqReagentAcid. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. While we used an acid previously to remove the ionizable base from our original mixture, here you need a reagent that will ionize the <b>acidic component</b> of the mixture. In addition, you must consider <b>safety hazards</b> of the reagents you use. Since you will be shaking the separatory funnel, splashes could happen. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentAcid is incorrect.</p>$RAq3videoAcid <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (acid)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentAcid is $RAq4)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div> You chose $AqReagentAcid. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. $AqReagentAcid would react with the ionizable acid, but you must consider <b>safety hazards</b> of the reagents you use. Since you will be shaking the separatory funnel, splashes could happen.<p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentAcid is incorrect.</p>$RAq4videoAcid<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (acid)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $AqReagentAcid is $RAq5)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div>You chose $AqReagentAcid. This choice is <b>incorrect</b>. Saturated aqueous NaCl will not allow for reaction with any of the components of the mixture. <p>Watch the video below before returning to the reagent selection page, it explains why selecting $AqReagentAcid is incorrect.</p>$RAq5videoAcid <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[choose aq reagent (acid)<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Second Layer Separation</div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFsecondseplabelled</li></ul><p>The video below recalls how the both layers contained into the separatory funnel were drained.</p>$SFsecondsepDrainvideo
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which layer was drained <b>LAST</b> from the separatory funnel?</br><ul> <li>(link: "organic layer")[(set: $Layer2Guess to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackSecondSep")]</li> <li>(link: "aqueous layer")[(set: $Layer2Guess to "correct")(goto: "feedbackSecondSep")]</li></ul></div></p><div class="step">Second Layer Separation</div>
(if: $Layer2Guess is "correct")[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the phase identification!</br></div><b>Correct</b>, as we used $OrganicSolvent for organic solvent, the organic layer is more dense than the aqueous one. Therefore the top layer is the aqueous layer.<p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHlabel</li></ul></p><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->content of organic layer]]</span></button></div>] (if: $Layer2Guess is "incorrect")[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the phase identification!</br></div><p>That is <b>incorrect</b>. Remember the mixture was dissolved in $OrganicSolvent and we used 3 M NaOH as our aqueous layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another option->second layer separation]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Content of the Organic Layer</div> <p>You now have the organic layer after the two rounds of liquid-liquid extraction.</p><p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerOrgLayer</li></ul></p>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the organic layer contain at this point of the separation?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Compound1cap)[(set: $orglayerGuessComp to $Compound1)(goto: "feedbackContentorglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound2cap)[(set: $orglayerGuessComp to $Compound2)(goto: "feedbackContentorglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound3cap)[(set: $orglayerGuessComp to $Compound3)(goto: "feedbackContentorglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound4cap)[(set: $orglayerGuessComp to $Compound4)(goto: "feedbackContentorglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound5cap)[(set: $orglayerGuessComp to $Compound5)(goto: "feedbackContentorglayer")]</li></ul></div></p><div class="step">Content of the Organic Layer</div>(if: $orglayerGuessComp is $Compound2)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $orglayerGuessComp. This is <b>correct</b>! As this compound does not react with neither 3 M HCl or 3 M NaOH used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it remains soluble in the organic layer.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerOrgLayer</li></ul></p><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $orglayerGuessComp is $Compound1 or $Compound3)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $orglayerGuessComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that you subjected the organic layer to two rounds of liquid-liquid extraction, first with 3 M HCl, then with 3 M NaOH. Which of the constituents of the initial solid mixture remains dissolved in the organic solvent? Be sure to consider acid-base properties of each of the components.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of organic layer]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $orglayerGuessComp is $Compound4 or $Compound5)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $orglayerGuessComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that you subjected the organic layer to two rounds of liquid-liquid extraction, first with 3 M HCl, then with 3 M NaOH. Which of the constituents of the initial solid mixture remains dissolved in the organic solvent? Be sure to consider acid-base properties of each of the components and that organic molecules will be soluble in organic solvents only when they are in their neutral, uncharged state.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of organic layer]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Treatment of the Organic Layer</div> <p>It’s time to choose an appropriate reagent to complete the isolation of the compound in the organic layer. This reagent should help remove traces of water left in the solvent after the previous extractions.
=|=
<!--Beaker with 9-fluorenone in org layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerOrgLayer</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Beaker with 9-fluorenone in org layer, illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerOrgLayerillus</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following reagents. <p><b>Select any bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for the chosen reagent if you need to review them.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[sol 1 org<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol1image</div>]]$RSol1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 2 org<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol2image</div>]]$RSol2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 3 org<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol3image</div>]]$RSol3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 4 org<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol4image</div>]]$RSol4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 5 org<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol5image</div>]]$RSol5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RSol1)[(set: $orglayerSol to $RSol1)(goto: "feedbackorglayerSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol2)[(set: $orglayerSol to $RSol2)(goto: "feedbackorglayerSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol3)[(set: $orglayerSol to $RSol3)(goto: "feedbackorglayerSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol4)[(set: $orglayerSol to $RSol4)(goto: "feedbackorglayerSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol5)[(set: $orglayerSol to $RSol5)(goto: "feedbackorglayerSol")]</li></ul></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol1image$RSol1caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol2image$RSol2caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol3image$RSol3caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol4image$RSol4caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol5image$RSol5caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium sulfate (solid, anhydrous)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/sodium-sulfate-black.png"><figcaption>sodium sulfate (solid), Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale dust. Material is irritating to the upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. <p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">Treatment of the Organic Layer</div> (if: $orglayerSol is $RSol5)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $orglayerSol. This is <b>correct</b>! Due to its hygroscopic nature, this solid salt will absorb traces of water remaining in the organic layer. </p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your reagent choice on your experimental outline.</br></div> <p>Watch the following video demonstrating this portion of the procedure.</p>$RSol5videocorrect<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->isolation in organic layer]]</span></button></div>](else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $orglayerSol. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that the appropriate reagent here will help <b>remove traces of water</b> left behind in the organic layer. It should also be easy to remove prior to the final isolation of the compound contained in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another reagent->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Organic Layer</div><p>You now have the dried organic layer and are ready to isolate the compound it contains. You also need to remove the drying agent as you want the 9-fluorenone to be as pure as possible to obtain good quality infrared spectra and accurate melting point during the characterization.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerOrgLayerDried</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which of the following combined methods is appropriate to finish the isolation of the $Neutral in the organic layer?</br><ul> <li>(link: $T1Acap)[(set: $orglayerIso to $T1A)(goto: "feedbackorglayerIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T1Bcap)[(set: $orglayerIso to $T1B)(goto: "feedbackorglayerIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T1Ccap)[(set: $orglayerIso to $T1C)(goto: "feedbackorglayerIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T1Dcap)[(set: $orglayerIso to $T1D)(goto: "feedbackorglayerIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T1Ecap)[(set: $orglayerIso to $T1E)(goto: "feedbackorglayerIso")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Organic Layer</div>(if: $orglayerIso is $T1C)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $orglayerIso. This is <b>correct</b>! The spent sodium sulfate will remain in the beaker upon decanting and rotary evaporation quickly removes solvent under reduced pressure.</p><p>Watch the following video explaining the isolation of the compound found in the organic layer.</p> $T1Cvideo<p>You now have the isolated $Neutral in a round bottom flask, which you will characterize by taking its melting point and infrared spectrum. The mass of the isolated compound is $NeutralMass.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your isolation method choice and the mass of $Neutral isolated on your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForglayer</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->compound in organic layer]]</span></button></div>](else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $orglayerIso. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that you want a combination of methods that will allow us to remove the drying agent and the solvent while minimizing the loss of the compound of interest.</p><p>Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> (if: $orglayerIso is $T1A)[$T1Avideo] (else-if: $orglayerIso is $T1B)[$T1Bvideo] (else-if: $orglayerIso is $T1D)[$T1Dvideo] (else-if: $orglayerIso is $T1E)[$T1Evideo]<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another method->isolation in organic layer]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Compound Isolated from Organic Layer</div><p>You now have the solid organic compound isolated from the organic layer in the round bottom flask. The mass of the isolated compound is $NeutralMass.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForglayer</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the organic layer contain at this point of the separation?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Compound1cap)[(set: $orglayerComp to $Compound1)(goto: "feedbackComporglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound2cap)[(set: $orglayerComp to $Compound2)(goto: "feedbackComporglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound3cap)[(set: $orglayerComp to $Compound3)(goto: "feedbackComporglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound4cap)[(set: $orglayerComp to $Compound4)(goto: "feedbackComporglayer")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound5cap)[(set: $orglayerComp to $Compound5)(goto: "feedbackComporglayer")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Compound Isolated from Organic Layer</div> (if: $orglayerComp is $Compound2)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $Compound2. This is <b>correct</b>! As this compound does not react with neither 3 M HCl or 3 M NaOH used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it remains soluble in the organic layer and stays in the round bottom flask during rotary evaporation.<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->intro - isolate acid]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $orglayerComp is $Compound1 or $Compound3)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $orglayerComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that you subjected the organic layer to two rounds of liquid-liquid extraction, first with 3 M HCl, then with 3 M NaOH. Which of the constituents of the initial solid mixture remains dissolved in the organic solvent? Be sure to consider acid-base properties of each of the components.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->compound in organic layer]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $orglayerComp is $Compound4 or $Compound5)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $orglayerComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that you subjected the organic layer to two rounds of liquid-liquid extraction, first with 3 M HCl, then with 3 M NaOH. Which of the constituents of the initial solid mixture remains dissolved in the organic solvent? Be sure to consider acid-base properties of each of the components and that organic molecules will be soluble in organic solvents only when they are in their neutral, uncharged state.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->compound in organic layer]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Acidic Aqueous Layer</div> <p>You now have to finish the isolation of the compound in the acidic aqueous layer. Recall that this solution is made up of <b>3 M HCl</b> and was used in the <b>first extraction</b> from the organic layer.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayeracid</li></ul><p>In the next portion of the laboratory, you will work on this acidic aqueous layer to retrieve the compound it contains to then characterize it. <div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->content of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div><div class="step">Content of Acidic Aqueous Layer</div> <p>The acidic aqueous layer contains the compound in your original mixture that could be protonated by 3 M HCl.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayeracid</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the acidic aqueous layer contain at this point of the separation?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Compound1)[(set: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp to $Compound1)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound2)[(set: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp to $Compound2)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound3)[(set: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp to $Compound3)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound4)[(set: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp to $Compound4)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerAcid")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound5)[(set: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp to $Compound5)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerAcid")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of Acidic Aqueous Layer</div>(if: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp is $Compound5)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen the $aqlayerAcidGuessComp. This is <b>correct</b>! As the the $Base (an ionizable base) reacts with the 3 M HCl used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it becomes protonated and positively charged, which makes the molecule soluble in the aqueous layer.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayeracidilluspH</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $aqlayerAcidGuessComp is $Compound4)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerAcidGuessComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Be sure to consider acid-base properties of each of the components! You used 3 M HCl in this extraction, which component of the mixture would then be extracted into this aqueous layer?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerAcidGuessComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are generally only soluble in water when they bear a non-zero charge. You used 3 M HCl in this extraction, which component of this mixture would then be extracted into the aqueous layer?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Treatment of the Acidic Aqueous Layer</div> <p>You now must choose an appropriate reagent to complete the isolation of the compound in the acidic aqueous layer. This reagent should help neutralize the ethyl 4-aminobenzoate so it can be retrieved from the aqueous layer. The aqueous layer currently has a pH of around 2.
=|=
<!--Beaker with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate salt in aq layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayeracid</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Beaker with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate salt in aq layer, illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayeracidillus</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following reagents. <p><b>Select any bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information<b> for the chosen reagent if you need to review them.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[sol 1 acid<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol1image</div>]]$RSol1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 2 acid<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol2image</div>]]$RSol2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 3 acid<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol3image</div>]]$RSol3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 4 acid<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol4image</div>]]$RSol4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 5 acid<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol5image</div>]]$RSol5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RSol1)[(set: $aqlayerAcidSol to $RSol1)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol2)[(set: $aqlayerAcidSol to $RSol2)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol3)[(set: $aqlayerAcidSol to $RSol3)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol4)[(set: $aqlayerAcidSol to $RSol4)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol5)[(set: $aqlayerAcidSol to $RSol5)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidSol")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Treatment of the Acidic Aqueous Layer</div>(if: $aqlayerAcidSol is $RSol4)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerAcidSol. This is <b>correct</b>! The concentrated base is able to neutralize the protonated form of $Base ("salt of the base") and so the compound precipitates out of the aqueous layer.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your reagent choice on your experimental outline.</br></div> <p>Watch the following video demonstrating this portion of the procedure. Note down your reagent choice.</p> $RSol4videocorrect<p>After 12 M NaOH was added until the pH reaches a value of around 12, the $Base precipitates out of the solution and can be isolated.
=|=
<!--Beaker with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate precip in aq layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayeracidprecip</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Beaker with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate precip in aq layer, illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayeracidprecipillus</li></ul>]
|==|
<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->content of neutral aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>](else:)[<p><div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the reagent choice!</br></div></p><p>You chose $aqlayerAcidSol. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that the appropriate reagent here will react with the protonated form of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and help obtain the compound in a form easy to isolate from the aqueous layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another reagent->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Content of the Neutralized Acidic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have the first neutralized aqueous layer. The solution has a pH around 12 and contains a precipitate.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayeracidprecip</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule has precipitated during the neutralization?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Compound1cap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidPrecip to $Compound1)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidPrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound2cap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidPrecip to $Compound2)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidPrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound3cap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidPrecip to $Compound3)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidPrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound4cap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidPrecip to $Compound4)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidPrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound5cap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidPrecip to $Compound5)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidPrecip")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of the Neutralized Acidic Aqueous Layer</div>(if: $aqlayerAcidPrecip is $Compound3)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerAcidPrecip. This is <b>correct</b>! <p>The 12 M NaOH deprotonated the salt of the base ($Compound5) originally contained in the aqueous layer. Once the pH of the aqueous solution is strongly basic (around 12), the ionizable base bears no charge, it is no longer soluble in water and precipitates out.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Draw the structure of the molecule that will be isolated from this aqueous layer in your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayeracidprecipilluspH</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->isolation in aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $aqlayerAcidPrecip is $Compound5)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerAcidPrecip. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that this solution is the result of raising the pH of the extraction with 3 M HCl. Which component of the mixture was initially extracted into this aqueous layer and what form does it take at a pH of around 12 (very basic)?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of neutral aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerAcidPrecip. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that this solution is the result of raising the pH of the extraction with 3 M HCl. Which component of the mixture was initially extracted into this aqueous layer?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of neutral aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Neutralized Acidic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have the neutralized acidic aqueous layer and are ready to isolate the $Base it contains. You want the organic compound to be as pure as possible to help you identify it by taking its melting point and obtain a good quality infrared spectrum.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayeracidprecip</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which of the following methods is appropriate to finish the isolation of the compound in the aqueous layer?</br><ul> <li>(link: $T3Acap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidIso to $T3A)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T3Bcap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidIso to $T3B)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T3Ccap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidIso to $T3C)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T3Dcap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidIso to $T3D)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T3Ecap)[(set: $aqlayerAcidIso to $T2E)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerAcidIso")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Neutralized Acidic Aqueous Layer</div>(if: $aqlayerAcidIso is $T3D)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerAcidIso. This is <b>correct</b>! This method is ideal to quickly separate the mixture of a solid in a liquid when you are interested in the solid. The suction will help dry the ionizable base compound in the Buchner funnel so you can take a melting point accurately.</p><p>Watch the following video to see how $Base is isolated:</p>$T3Dvideo <p>You now have the isolated $Base in a watch glass, which you will characterize by taking its melting point and infrared spectrum. The mass of the isolated compound is $BaseMass.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your isolation method choice and the mass of $Base isolated on your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$WGbaseimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->intro-isolate acid]]</span></button></div>](else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerAcidIso. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that you have a mixture of a solid in a liquid. Which portion of the mixture are you interested in, and how can you isolate it quickly and efficiently?</p> (if: $aqlayerAcidIso is $T3A)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T3Avideo] (else-if: $aqlayerAcidIso is $T3B)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T3Bvideo] (else-if: $aqlayerAcidIso is $T3C)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T3Cvideo] (else-if: $aqlayerAcidIso is $T3E)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T3Evideo]<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another method->isolation in aq layer (acid)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Content of Basic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have to finish the isolation of the compound in the basic aqueous layer. Recall that this solution is made up of 3 M NaOH and was used in the second extraction from the organic layer.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayerbase</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the basic aqueous layer contain at this point of the separation?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Compound1)[(set: $aqlayerBaseGuessComp to $Compound1)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerBase")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound2)[(set: $aqlayerBaseGuessComp to $Compound2)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerBase")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound3)[(set: $aqlayerBaseGuessComp to $Compound3)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerBase")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound4)[(set: $aqlayerBaseGuessComp to $Compound4)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerBase")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound5)[(set: $aqlayerBaseGuessComp to $Compound5)(goto: "feedbackContentaqlayerBase")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of Basic Aqueous Layer</div> (if: $aqlayerBaseGuessComp is $Compound4)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen the $aqlayerBaseGuessComp. This is <b>correct</b>! As the $Acid (an ionizable acid) reacts with the 3 M NaOH used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it becomes deprotonated and negatively charged, which makes the molecule soluble in the aqueous layer.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayerbaseilluspH</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$aqlayerBaseGuessComp is $Compound5)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerBaseGuessComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Be sure to consider acid-base properties of each of the components! You used 3 M NaOH in this extraction, which component of the mixture would then be extracted into this aqueous layer?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerBaseGuessComp. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are generally only soluble in water when they bear a non-zero charge. You used 3 M NaOH in this extraction, which component of the mixture would then be extracted into this aqueous layer?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Treatment of the Basic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now must choose an appropriate reagent to complete the isolation of the compound in the basic aqueous layer. This reagent should help neutralize the benzoic acid so it can be retrieved from the aqueous layer. The aqueous layer currently has a pH around 12.
=|=
<!--Beaker with benzoic acid salt in aq layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayerbase</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Beaker with benzoic acid salt in aq layer, illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayerbaseillus</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following reagents.<p><b>Select any bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for the chosen reagent if you need to review them.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[sol 1 base<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol1image</div>]]$RSol1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 2 base<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol2image</div>]]$RSol2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 3 base<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol3image</div>]]$RSol3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 4 base<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol4image</div>]]$RSol4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[sol 5 base<-<div class="img-clickable">$RSol5image</div>]]$RSol5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RSol1)[(set: $aqlayerBaseSol to $RSol1)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol2)[(set: $aqlayerBaseSol to $RSol2)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol3)[(set: $aqlayerBaseSol to $RSol3)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol4)[(set: $aqlayerBaseSol to $RSol4)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseSol")]</li> <li>(link: $RSol5)[(set: $aqlayerBaseSol to $RSol5)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseSol")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Treatment of the Basic Aqueous Layer</div>(if: $aqlayerBaseSol is $RSol3)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerBaseSol. This is <b>correct</b>! The concentrated acid is able to neutralize the deprotonated form of $Acid (“salt of the acid”) and so the compound precipitates out of the aqueous layer.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your reagent choice on your experimental outline.</br></div> <p>Watch the following video demonstrating this portion of the procedure. Note down your reagent choice.</p> $RSol3videocorrect<p>After 12 M HCl was added until the pH reaches a value of around 2, the $Acid precipitates out of the solution and can be isolated.</p>
=|=
<!--Beaker with benzoic acid precip in aq layer-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayerbaseprecip</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Beaker with benzoic precip in aq layer, illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqLayerbaseprecipillus</li></ul>]
|==|
<div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->content of neutral aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>](else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerBaseSol. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that the appropriate reagent here will react with the deprotonated form of $Acid and help obtain the compound in a form easy to isolate from the aqueous layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another reagent->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Content of the Neutralized Basic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have the second neutralized aqueous layer. The solution has a pH around 2 and contains a precipitate.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayerbaseprecip</li></ul><div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule has precipitated during the neutralization?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Compound1cap)[(set: $aqlayerBasePrecip to $Compound1)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBasePrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound2cap)[(set: $aqlayerBasePrecip to $Compound2)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBasePrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound3cap)[(set: $aqlayerBasePrecip to $Compound3)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBasePrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound4cap)[(set: $aqlayerBasePrecip to $Compound4)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBasePrecip")]</li> <li>(link: $Compound5cap)[(set: $aqlayerBasePrecip to $Compound5)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBasePrecip")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of the Neutralized Basic Aqueous Layer</div> (if: $aqlayerBasePrecip is $Compound1)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerBasePrecip. This is <b>correct</b>! The 12 M HCl protonated the salt of the acid ($Compound4) originally contained in the aqueous layer. Once the pH of the aqueous solution is strongly acidic (around 2), the ionizable acid bears no charge, it is no longer soluble in water and precipitates out.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Draw the structure of the molecule that will be isolated from this aqueous layer in your experimental outline</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayerbaseprecipilluspH</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->isolation in aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $aqlayerBasePrecip is $Compound4)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerBasePrecip. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that this solution is the result of lowering the pH of the extraction with 3 M NaOH. Which component of the mixture was initially extracted into this aqueous layer and what form does it take at a pH of around 2 (very acidic)?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of neutral aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $aqlayerBasePrecip. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that this solution is the result of lowering the pH of the extraction with 3 M NaOH. Which component of the mixture was initially extracted into this aqueous layer?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another molecule->content of neutral aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Neutralized Basic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have the neutralized basic aqueous layer and are ready to isolate the $Acid it contains. You want the organic compound to be as pure as possible to help you identify it by taking its melting point and obtain a good quality infrared spectrum.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayerbaseprecip</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which of the following methods is appropriate to finish the isolation of the compound in the aqueous layer?</br><ul> <li>(link: $T2Acap)[(set: $aqlayerBaseIso to $T2A)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T2Bcap)[(set: $aqlayerBaseIso to $T2B)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T2Ccap)[(set: $aqlayerBaseIso to $T2C)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T2Dcap)[(set: $aqlayerBaseIso to $T2D)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseIso")]</li> <li>(link: $T2Ecap)[(set: $aqlayerBaseIso to $T2E)(goto: "feedbackaqlayerBaseIso")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Neutralized Basic Aqueous Layer</div>(if: $aqlayerBaseIso is $T2A)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerAcidIso. This is <b>correct</b>! This method is ideal to quickly separate the mixture of a solid in a liquid when you are interested in the solid. The suction will help dry the ionizable acid compound in the Buchner funnel so you can take a melting point accurately.</p><p>Watch the following video to see how $Acid is isolated:</p>$T2Avideo <p>You now have the isolated $Acid in a watch glass, which you will characterize by taking its melting point and infrared spectrum. The mass of the isolated compound is $AcidMass.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your isolation method choice and the mass of $Acid isolated on your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$WGacidimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->isolation complete]]</span></button></div>](else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $aqlayerBaseIso. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that you have a mixture of a solid in a liquid. Which portion of the mixture are you interested in, and how can you isolate it quickly and efficiently?</p> (if: $aqlayerBaseIso is $T2B)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T2Bvideo] (else-if: $aqlayerBaseIso is $T2C)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T2Cvideo] (else-if: $aqlayerBaseIso is $T2D)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $T2Dvideo]<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another method->isolation in aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation Complete!</div><p>You have isolated all three compounds contained in the initial unknown mixture: <b>$Acid</b>, <b>$Neutral</b> and <b>$Base</b>. You can now proceed to their characterization by taking their melting points and infrared spectra.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$IsolationCompleteimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->compound MP]]</span></button></div><div class="step">Melting Point of the Isolated Compounds</div><p>With the three components of the sample separated from one another, we can now characterize each molecule. You begin by taking the melting of each of the compounds.</p>
=|=
<!--Isolated neutral in RBF-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$RBForglayer</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Isolated base in WG-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$WGbaseimage</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Isolated acid in WG-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$WGacidimage</li></ul>]
|==|
(if: $neutralMP is false and $baseMP is false and $acidMP is false)[<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select one of the three compounds to take the melting point of the solid it contains:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Neutral)[(goto: "MP - neutral compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Base)[(goto: "MP - basic compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Acid)[(goto: "MP - acidic compound")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is false and $acidMP is false)[<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select another compound to take the melting point of the solid it contains:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Base)[(goto: "MP - basic compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Acid)[(goto: "MP - acidic compound")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is false and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is false)[<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select another compound to take the melting point of the solid it contains:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Neutral)[(goto: "MP - neutral compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Acid)[(goto: "MP - acidic compound")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is false and $baseMP is false and $acidMP is true)[<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select another compound to take the melting point of the solid it contains:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Neutral)[(goto: "MP - neutral compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Base)[(goto: "MP - basic compound")]</li></ul></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of $NeutralCap</div><p>The following video illustrates how the $Neutral is sampled from the round bottom flask to take its melting point, then demonstrates the actual analysis. Be sure to record the temperature when the sample begins to melt, and the temperature when the solid is fully melted.</p>$MPneutralvideo<p>You will need this melting range to discuss the purity of the $Neutral isolated, be sure to record it!</p> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for $Neutral?</br><ul> <li>(link: $MPneutral1)[(set: $MPneutralGuess to $MPneutral1)(goto: "feedbackMPneutral")]</li> <li>(link: $MPneutral2)[(set: $MPneutralGuess to $MPneutral2)(goto: "feedbackMPneutral")]</li> <li>(link: $MPneutral3)[(set: $MPneutralGuess to $MPneutral3)(goto: "feedbackMPneutral")]</li> <li>(link: $MPneutral4)[(set: $MPneutralGuess to $MPneutral4)(goto: "feedbackMPneutral")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Melting Point of $BaseCap</div><p>The following video illustrates how the $Base is sampled from the watch glass to take its melting point, then demonstrates the actual analysis. Be sure to record the temperature when the sample begins to melt, and the temperature when the solid is fully melted.</p>$MPbasevideo<p>You will need this melting range to discuss the purity of the $Base isolated, be sure to record it!</p> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for $Base?</br><ul> <li>(link: $MPbase1)[(set: $MPbaseGuess to $MPbase1)(goto: "feedbackMPbase")]</li> <li>(link: $MPbase2)[(set: $MPbaseGuess to $MPbase2)(goto: "feedbackMPbase")]</li> <li>(link: $MPbase3)[(set: $MPbaseGuess to $MPbase3)(goto: "feedbackMPbase")]</li> <li>(link: $MPbase4)[(set: $MPbaseGuess to $MPbase4)(goto: "feedbackMPbase")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Melting Point of $AcidCap</div><p>The following video illustrates how the $Acid is sampled from the watch glass to take its melting point, then demonstrates the actual analysis. Be sure to record the temperature when the sample begins to melt, and the temperature when the solid is fully melted.</p>$MPacidvideo<p>You will need this melting range to discuss the purity of the $Acid isolated, be sure to record it!</p> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for $Acid?</br><ul> <li>(link: $MPacid1)[(set: $MPacidGuess to $MPacid1)(goto: "feedbackMPacid")]</li> <li>(link: $MPacid2)[(set: $MPacidGuess to $MPacid2)(goto: "feedbackMPacid")]</li> <li>(link: $MPacid3)[(set: $MPacidGuess to $MPacid3)(goto: "feedbackMPacid")]</li> <li>(link: $MPacid4)[(set: $MPacidGuess to $MPacid4)(goto: "feedbackMPacid")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of $NeutralCap</div> <p>The infrared spectrum of $Neutral was recorded on the FTIR-ATR as previously seen.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForglayer</li></ul><p>For your report, download and analyze the $Neutral infrared spectrum:</p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRneutralLink here.</br></div></p>(set: $neutralIR to true)(if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->end of simulation]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is false and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze the last compound->IR - basic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is false)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze the last compound->IR - acidic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze another compound->compound IR]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of $BaseCap</div><p>The infrared spectrum of $Base was recorded on the FTIR-ATR as previously seen.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$WGbaseimage</li></ul><p>For your report, download and analyze the $Base infrared spectrum:</p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRbaseLink here.</br></div>(set: $baseIR to true) (if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->end of simulation]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is false and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze the last compound->IR - neutral compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is false)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze the last compound->IR - acidic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze another compound->compound IR]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of $AcidCap</div><p>The infrared spectrum of $Acid was recorded on the FTIR-ATR as previously seen.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$WGacidimage</li></ul><p>For your report, download and analyze the $Acid infrared spectrum:</p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRacidLink here.</br></div>(set: $acidIR to true)(if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->end of simulation]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is false and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze the last compound->IR - neutral compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is false and $acidIR is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze the last compound->IR - basic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Analyze another compound->compound IR]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of $NeutralCap</div>(if: $MPneutralGuess is $MPneutral3)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPneutralGuess. This is <b>correct</b>! The experimental melting point can vary based on the purity of the isolated compound. Great work making careful observations to record the melting range!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down the melting point of $Neutral on your experimental outline.</br></div> (set: $neutralMP to true) (if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->compound IR]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is false and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take the last melting point->MP - basic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is false)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take the last melting point->MP - acidic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take another melting point->compound MP]]</span></button></div>]](if: $MPneutralGuess is $MPneutral2 or $MPneutral4)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPneutralGuess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Carefully observe the sample during the analysis. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another temperature->MP - neutral compound]]</span></button></div>](if: $MPneutralGuess is $MPneutral1)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPneutralGuess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Melting points should be recorded as ranges. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to options->MP - neutral compound]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of $BaseCap</div>(if: $MPbaseGuess is $MPbase1)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPbaseGuess. This is <b>correct</b>! The experimental melting point can vary based on the purity of the isolated compound. Great work making careful observations to record the melting range!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down the melting point of $Base on your experimental outline.</br></div> (set: $baseMP to true)(if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->compound IR]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is false and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take the last melting point->MP - neutral compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is false)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take the last melting point->MP - acidic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take another melting point->compound MP]]</span></button></div>]] (if: $MPbaseGuess is $MPbase2 or $MPbase4)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPbaseGuess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Carefully observe the sample during the analysis. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to options->MP - basic compound]]</span></button></div>](if: $MPbaseGuess is $MPbase3)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPbaseGuess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Melting points should be recorded as ranges. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another temperature->MP - basic compound]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of $AcidCap</div>(if: $MPacidGuess is $MPacid4)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPacidGuess. This is <b>correct</b>! The experimental melting point can vary based on the purity of the isolated compound. Great work making careful observations to record the melting range!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down the melting point of $Acid on your experimental outline.</br></div> (set: $acidMP to true) (if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->compound IR]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is false and $baseMP is true and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take the last melting point->MP - neutral compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralMP is true and $baseMP is false and $acidMP is true)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take the last melting point->MP - basic compound]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Take another melting point->compound MP]]</span></button></div>]](if: $MPacidGuess is $MPacid1 or $MPacid3)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPacidGuess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Carefully observe the sample during the analysis. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to options->MP - acidic compound]]</span></button></div>](if: $MPacidGuess is $MPacid2)[<p><div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range choice!</br></div><p>You chose $MPacidGuess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Melting points should be recorded as ranges. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to options->MP - acidic compound]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Clean Your Virtual Workstation!</div><p>You now have characterized all compounds and are ready to wrap up the experiment. Make sure you clean all your glassware before leaving the laboratory!</p>$WGwashing<p>You will also need to calculate the recovery yield for the three isolated compounds to complete the experimental outline.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Calculate and record your yields in your experimental outline</br></div><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Exit->Exit]]</span></button></div><div class="step">Composition of the Second Biphasic System</div> <p>Before you drained the two layers into separate beakers, you had a <b>basic aqueous layer (around pH 12)</b> and a $OrganicSolvent solution in your separatory funnel. If you had the ability to see at the molecular level, what would the composition of the system be?</p> <p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFbiphasic2</li></ul></p><p><div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Choose the diagram that best represents what the biphasic system would look like at this point of the extraction. Click on the figures to see a larger view and a written description as needed, and <b>make your selection by clicking on the text below the image of your choice</b>.</br>
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFNaOHincorrect1<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFNaOHincorrect1</div>]]</li>(link: $SFNaOHincorrect1choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic2")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFNaOHincorrect2<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFNaOHincorrect2</div>]]</li>(link: $SFNaOHincorrect2choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic2")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFNaOHincorrect5<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFNaOHincorrect5</div>]]</li>(link: $SFNaOHincorrect5choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic2")]</ul>]
|==|
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFNaOHincorrect4<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFNaOHincorrect4</div>]]</li>(link: $SFNaOHincorrect4choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic2")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFNaOHcorrect<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFNaOHcorrect</div>]]</li>(link: $SFNaOHcorrectchoice)[(set: $biphasic to "correct")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic2")]</ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[SFNaOHincorrect3<-<div class="img-clickable">$SFNaOHincorrect3</div>]]</li>(link: $SFNaOHincorrect3choice)[(set: $biphasic to "incorrect")(goto: "feedbackBiphasic2")]</ul>]
|==|
</div></p><div class="step">Composition of the Second Biphasic System</div>(if: $biphasic is "correct")[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the composition of the system!</br></div><b>Correct</b>, this is the best representation of the current state of the system!
=|=
<!--picture-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasic2</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--illustration-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasic2illus</li></ul>]
|==|
<p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Complete the second section of the flowchart on your experimental outline by checking the appropriate boxes to indicate the layer order and draw the molecules contained in each layer.</br></div></p>
<div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[second layer separation<-Next]]</span></button></div>](else-if: $biphasic is "incorrect")[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the composition of the system!</br></div><b>Incorrect</b>, try again! Remember the mixture was dissolved in $OrganicSolvent and we used 3 M NaOH as our aqueous layer.
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another diagram->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Introduction</div> <h1>Instructions for the Virtual Lab</h1> <p>This virtual lab incorporates videos of genuine experimentation in the lab and graphics illustrating what is occurring at the molecular level at key stages of the procedure. These videos and images <b><i>will adapt</i></b> based on your individual choices. This will equip you with a strong understanding of the process of liquid-liquid extraction and the techniques for completing this lab. </p> <p><h2>Experimental Design Choices</h2></p> <p>Throughout this lab, you will reach <b>Decision Points</b>, where you need to make experimental design choice. Some options will steer the virtual lab in a certain way, but most will have a clear correct or incorrect answer. If you select incorrectly, you can return and try again. Feedback describes why each choice is correct or incorrect. This is a learning process! Use wrong answers as a learning opportunity, and you will not be penalized for making errors along the way in the virtual lab. </p><p><div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br><ul> <li>Option 1</li><li>Option 2</li><li>Option 3</li><li>Option 4</li></ul></div></p> <p><h2>The Experimental Outline</h2></p> <p>You will see the <b>Experimental Outline</b> highlight box reminding you to record your observations and results. This organizes your findings and demonstrates that you’ve completed this lab. At the end of this lab, follow the instructions in the laboratory unit to submit the completed outline.</p> <p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your data in your experimental outline!</br></div></p> <p>Download the Experimental Outline file below. It is a fillable PDF form you can complete electronically or print it to fill it by hand.</p> <p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br>Download the $ExpOutlineLink here.</br></div></p> <p>The document is a fillable PDF form you can complete by typing into the text boxes, or you can print and complete by hand.</p> <p><h2>Why 90 minutes?</h2></p> <p>One hour and a half should give you time to go through all stages of the experiment, view the feedback videos, and complete the experimental outline. This time limit is not enforced (the virtual lab will not quit!). You can take longer than 90 minutes, but we encourage you to review the laboratory and be prepared for the virtual experiment just as you would before an in-person lab.</p> <p><b>Important! <i>If you need to exit this lab mid-completion, you cannot return to where you left off.</i></b> You will need to return and start from the beginning. This is why we recommend allowing yourself at least one hour and a half of time.</p> <p>The more prepared you are, the faster you will complete the experiment – just like in a physical lab! While in this virtual lab, you can return and repeat the full experiment, this is often not possible in a physical laboratory.</p> <p><h2>Tips</h2></p> <p>You are welcome to take screenshots for your personal notes. You must have written consent of your instructor to post any course content online.</p> <p>You can review videos in full screen, turn on the closed captioning, and/or change the playback speed.</p> <div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Continue->learning objectives]]</span></button></div>(set: $showFooter to false)<div class="step">Credits and Copyrights</div>
<center><img src="_twine/images/ecampus-logo.png";alt="eCampus Ontario logo"></center><p>This project is made possible with funding by the Government of Ontario and through eCampusOntario’s support of the Virtual Learning Strategy. To learn more about the Virtual Learning Strategy visit: <a href="https://vls.ecampusontario.ca" target="_blank">https://vls.ecampusontario.ca</a>.</p>
<br> <b><u>Lead Subject Matter Expert</u></b> <ul><li><a href="mailto:lracicot@uwaterloo.ca">Dr. Leanne Racicot</a>, Laboratory Instructor, Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul><b><u>Instructional Designers</u></b> <ul><li>Julia Burke, Online Learning Consultant, Centre for Extended Learning, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Marie Lippens, Lead Learning Consultant, WatSPEED, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Developers</u></b> <ul><li>Nick Szyngiel, Instructional Digital Media Developer, Centre for Extended Learning, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Renzo Gutierrez, Lab Simulation Development Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Consulting Subject Matter Experts</u></b> <ul><li>Julie M. Goll, Instructor, Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Dr. François Magnan, Senior Undergraduate Laboratory Coordinator, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Univeristy of Ottawa</li> <li>Dr. Wendy Pell, Undergraduate Laboratories Manager, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Univeristy of Ottawa</li> <li>Dr. Mark S. Workentin, Professor, Chemistry Department, Western University</li> <li>Dr. Thorsten Dieckmann, Associate Professor, Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Experimenters in videos</u></b> <ul><li>Renzo Gutierrez, Lab Simulation Development Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Lauryn Quinn, Course and Technical Support Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Other Contributors</u></b> <ul><li>Robert Laurin, Media Production Specialist, Instructional Technologies and Media Services, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Numbo Da Rocha Pereira, Online Learning Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Eileen Tudorica, Online Learning Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Sanil Bhimani, Course and Technical Support Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Laboratory Equipment Diagrams</u></b> <ul><li>Created with <a href="https://chemix.org/" target="_blank">Chemix</a></li></ul> <b><u>Icons</u></b> <ul><li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/download-1939626/" target="_blank">Download</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li> <li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/compose-1939615/" target="_blank">Compose</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li> <li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/checkmark-circle-1939611/" target="_blank">Checkmark circle</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li><li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/remove-speech-bubble-1939784/" target="_blank">Remove speech bubble</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li><li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/honour-badge-1939674/" target="_blank">Honour badge</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li> <li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/done-postit-396616/" target="_blank">Done Post-it</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol1image$RSol1caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol2image$RSol2caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol3image$RSol3caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol4image$RSol4caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol5image$RSol5caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium sulfate (solid, anhydrous)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/sodium-sulfate-black.png"><figcaption>sodium sulfate (solid), Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale dust. Material is irritating to the upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. <p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol1image$RSol1caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol2image$RSol2caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol3image$RSol3caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol4image$RSol4caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RSol5image$RSol5caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium sulfate (solid, anhydrous)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/sodium-sulfate-black.png"><figcaption>sodium sulfate (solid), Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale dust. Material is irritating to the upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. <p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aq layer (base)]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">End of the Virtual Laboratory</div><p>With all compounds characterized and your lab space all cleaned, you have now finished the <b>Separation of a Three Component Mixture by Extraction</b>.</p><p>Use all the recorded information to complete your laboratory report.</p> <p><div class="done-doc"><br>Use all the recorded information on your experimental outline to complete your laboratory report.</br></div></p><h2>Want to try this again?</h2><p>If you wish, you can repeat this virtual lab with new data (compounds remain the same). Simply reload the lab by exiting this browser window and re-opening the link.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq1image$RAq1caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq2image$RAq2caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq3image$RAq3caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq4image$RAq4caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine2/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAq5image$RAq5caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Saturated sodium chloride (aq.)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine2/images/compounds/brine-black.png"><figcaption>Saturated sodium chloride (aq.), NaCl</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->choose aq reagent (acid)]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">Infrared Spectra of the Isolated Compounds</div> <p>Once melting points are recorded, we move on to recording the infrared spectra of each of the isolated compounds. This analysis will allow to confirm the presence of all expected bonds in the molecule.</p> <p>The following video will show you how a solid sample is placed on the crystal of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer with Attenuated Total Reflectance accessory (FT-IR ATR for short) and acquisition of the spectrum. This equipment allows for rapid analysis and very simple operation.</p> $IRvideo
=|=
<!--Isolated neutral in RBF-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$RBForglayer</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Isolated base in WG-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$WGbaseimage</li></ul>]
=|=
<!--Isolated acid in WG-->
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$WGacidimage</li></ul>]
|==|
(if: $neutralIR is false and $baseIR is false and $acidIR is false)[<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select one of the three compounds to take its infrared spectrum:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Neutral)[(goto: "IR - neutral compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Base)[(goto: "IR - basic compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Acid)[(goto: "IR - acidic compound")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is true and $baseIR is false and $acidIR is false)[<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select another compound to take its infrared spectrum:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Base)[(goto: "IR - basic compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Acid)[(goto: "IR - acidic compound")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is false and $baseIR is true and $acidIR is false)[<div class="selection"><br>Select another compound to take its infrared spectrum:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Neutral)[(goto: "IR - neutral compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Acid)[(goto: "IR - acidic compound")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralIR is false and $baseIR is false and $acidIR is true)[<div class="selection"><br>Select another compound to take its infrared spectrum:</br><ul> <li>(link: $Neutral)[(goto: "IR - neutral compound")]</li> <li>(link: $Base)[(goto: "IR - basic compound")]</li></ul></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Basic Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have to finish the isolation of the compound in the basic aqueous layer. Recall that this solution is made up of <b>3 M NaOH</b> and was used in the <b>second extraction</b> from the organic layer.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqLayerbase</li></ul><p>In the next portion of the laboratory, you will work on this basic aqueous layer to retrieve the compound it contains to then characterize it.</p><div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->content of aq layer (base)]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHClincorrect3<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with chloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and chloride salt of 9-fluorenone</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHClincorrect1<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with chloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHClcorrect<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with chloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHClincorrect5<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with chloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and chloride salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with benzoic acid</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHClincorrect2<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with chloride salt of 9-fluorenone</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFHClincorrect4<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with chloride salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and benzoic acid</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system]]</span></button></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHincorrect1<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium hydroxide and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHincorrect2<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with 9-fluorenone and the aqueous layer on the bottom with sodium salt of benzoic acid</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHincorrect5<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with benzoic acid</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHincorrect4<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of 9-fluorenone and the organic layer on the bottom with benzoate ion</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHcorrect<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the aqueous layer on top with sodium salt of benzoic acid and the organic layer on the bottom with 9-fluorenone</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFNaOHincorrect3<figcaption>Separatory funnel containing a biphasic system with the organic layer on top with benzoic acid and the aqueous layer on the bottom with sodium salt of 9-fluorenone</figcaption></li></ul>
<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Return to diagram selection->biphasic system 2]]</span></button></div>