{
<!--Initialization of relevant variables-->
(set: $showFooter to true)
(set:$OrganicLayerTop to false)
(set:$OrganicLayerBottom to false)
(set:$OrganicLayer = "")
(set:$neutralAnalysisComplete to false)
(set:$baseAnalysisComplete to false)
(set: $bottomComplete to false)
(set: $topComplete to false)
(set: $N1 to "4-bromobenzonitrile")
(set: $N2 to "1,4-diacetylbenzene")
(set: $N3 to "fluorene")
(set: $N1cap to "4-Bromobenzonitrile")
(set: $N2cap to "1,4-Diacetylbenzene")
(set: $N3cap to "Fluorene")
(set: $B1 to "ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $B2 to "imidazole")
(set: $B3 to "3,4-diaminotoluene")
(set: $B1cap to "Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate")
(set: $B2cap to "Imidazole")
(set: $B3cap to "3,4-Diaminotoluene")
(set: $neutralCompound to (either: $N1, $N2, $N3))
(set: $basicCompound to (either: $B1, $B2, $B3))
(set: $N1image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/compounds/4-bromobenzonitrile-white.png\"; alt=\"Chemical structure of 4-bromobenzonitrile\"><figcaption>Chemical structure of 4-bromobenzonitrile</figcaption>")
(set: $N2image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/compounds/14-diacetylbenzene-white.png\"; alt=\"Chemical structure of 1,4-diacetylbenzene\"><figcaption>Chemical structure of 1,4-diacetylbenzene</figcaption>")
(set: $N3image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/compounds/fluorene-white.png\"; alt=\"Chemical structure of fluorene\"><figcaption>Chemical structure of fluorene</figcaption>")
(set: $B1image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/compounds/ethyl4aminobenzoate-white.png\"; alt=\"Chemical structure of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate\"><figcaption>Chemical structure of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate</figcaption>")
(set: $B2image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/compounds/imidazole-white.png\"; alt=\"Chemical structure of imidazole\"><figcaption>Chemical structure of imidazole</figcaption>")
(set: $B3image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/compounds/34-diaminotoluene-white.png\"; alt=\"Chemical structure of 3,4-diaminotoluene\"><figcaption>Chemical structure of 3,4-diaminotoluene</figcaption>")
(set: $ExpOutlineLink to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/2-comp-base-Exp-Outline.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Experiment Outline Template (PDF)</a>")
<!--Melting point assets-->
(set: $MPN1video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/AWn7kb8mWGY?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPN2video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/K9Kinan5xgU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPN3video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/qgPhduGmQSo?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPB1video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/D4oL_f-KdkE?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPB2video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/E89jq3aM7Wo?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPB3video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/QRELGEkBwfk?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $MPN1A to "between 110-114°C")
(set: $MPN1B to "between 112-116°C")
(set: $MPN1C to "between 95-118°C")
(set: $MPN1D to "115°C")
(set: $MPN2A to "between 111-113°C")
(set: $MPN2B to "between 113-116°C")
(set: $MPN2C to "between 93-118°C")
(set: $MPN2D to "115°C")
(set: $MPN3A to "between 112-118°C")
(set: $MPN3B to "between 114-116°C")
(set: $MPN3C to "between 100-116°C")
(set: $MPN3D to "115°C")
(set: $MPB1A to "between 86-90°C")
(set: $MPB1B to "between 88-92°C")
(set: $MPB1C to "between 73-93°C")
(set: $MPB1D to "88°C")
(set: $MPB2A to "between 88-93°C")
(set: $MPB2B to "between 86-90°C")
(set: $MPB2C to "between 76-95°C")
(set: $MPB2D to "88°C")
(set: $MPB3A to "between 87-91°C")
(set: $MPB3B to "between 84-89°C")
(set: $MPB3C to "between 76-95°C")
(set: $MPB3D to "88°C")
<!--IR anlysis assets-->
(set: $IRvideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/QhQ91l4rL-c?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $IRN1video to "<video controls src=\"_twine3/video-placeholder.mp4\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></video><br>")
(set: $IRN2video to "<video controls src=\"_twine3/video-placeholder.mp4\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></video><br>")
(set: $IRN3video to "<video controls src=\"_twine3/video-placeholder.mp4\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></video><br>")
(set: $IRB1video to "<video controls src=\"_twine3/video-placeholder.mp4\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></video><br>")
(set: $IRB2video to "<video controls src=\"_twine3/video-placeholder.mp4\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></video><br>")
(set: $IRB3video to "<video controls src=\"_twine3/video-placeholder.mp4\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></video><br>")
(set: $IRTableLink to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/IR-Table.pdf\"target=\"_blank\">IR Absorption Table (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRN1Link to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/N1_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">IR spectrum of the non-ionizable compound (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRN2Link to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/N2_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">IR spectrum of the non-ionizable compound (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRN3Link to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/N3_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">IR spectrum of the non-ionizable compound (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRB1Link to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/B1_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">IR spectrum of the ionizable base compound (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRB2Link to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/B2_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">IR spectrum of the ionizable base compound (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRB3Link to "<a href=\"_twine3/documents/B3_IR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">IR spectrum of the ionizable base compound (PDF)</a>")
(set: $IRN1 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C")
(set: $IRN2 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C, ester C=O")
(set: $IRN3 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C, C≡N")
(set: $IRN4 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C, ketone C=O")
(set: $IRB1 to "Alkene C–H, C=C, 2° amine N–H")
(set: $IRB2 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C, ketone C=O, 2° amine N–H")
(set: $IRB3 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C, 1° amine N–H")
(set: $IRB4 to "Alkane C–H, Alkene C–H, C=C, ester C=O, 1° amine N–H")
<!--Reagent variables-->
(set: $ROrg1cap to "Diethyl Ether")
(set: $ROrg2cap to "Dichloromethane")
(set: $ROrg3cap to "Methanol")
(set: $ROrg4cap to "Ethyl Acetate")
(set: $ROrg5cap to "Toluene")
(set: $ROrg1low to "diethyl ether")
(set: $ROrg2low to "dichloromethane")
(set: $ROrg3low to "methanol")
(set: $ROrg4low to "ethyl acetate")
(set: $ROrg5low to "toluene")
(set: $RAqA1 to "3 M HCl")
(set: $RAqA2 to "3 M NaOH")
(set: $RAqA3 to "12 M HCl")
(set: $RAqA4 to "12 M NaOH")
(set: $RAqA5 to "sat. sodium chloride (aq.)")
(set: $RAqB1 to "3 M HCl")
(set: $RAqB2 to "3 M NaOH")
(set: $RAqB3 to "12 M HCl")
(set: $RAqB4 to "12 M NaOH")
(set: $RAqB5 to "Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (anhydrous, solid)")
<!--Reagent graphical assets-->
(set: $ROrg1image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/ether-crop.png\"; alt=\"Diethyl ether bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $ROrg1caption to "<figcaption>Diethyl ether bottle </figcaption>")
(set: $ROrg2image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/dichloromethane-crop.png\"; alt=\"Dichloromethane bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $ROrg2caption to "<figcaption>Dichloromethane bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $ROrg3image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/methanol-crop.png \"; alt=\"Methanol bottle \" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $ROrg3caption to "<figcaption>Methanol bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $ROrg4image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/ethyl-acetate-crop.png\"; alt=\"Ethyl acetate bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $ROrg4caption to "<figcaption>Ethyl acetate bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $ROrg5image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/toluene-crop.png\"; alt=\"Toluene bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $ROrg5caption to "<figcaption>Toluene bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $CorrectSolventVideo to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/moAwqGwZm88?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA1image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/3MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqA1caption to "<figcaption>3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqA2image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/3MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqA2caption to "<figcaption>3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqA3image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/12MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqA3caption to "<figcaption>12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqA4image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/12MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqA4caption to "<figcaption>12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqA5image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/NaCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"Saturated sodium chloride (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqA5caption to "<figcaption>Saturated sodium chloride (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqA1videoAqTop to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LbzsW7b1LL0?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA1videoAqBtm to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/NrLhLGOT3Zw?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA2videoAqTop to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/0hYgSop_S5U?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA2videoAqBtm to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/9sEWFPxf2jQ?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA3videoAqTop to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/x4MUqY9oi1Y?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA3videoAqBtm to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/x4MUqY9oi1Y?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA4videoAqTop to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/G2htPJHiVpk?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA4videoAqBtm to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/p1W_zbC9djE?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA5videoAqTop to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/yI6a2isFR40?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqA5videoAqBtm to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/FnmMd0aktPA?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqB1image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/3MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqB1caption to "<figcaption>3 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqB2image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/3MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqB2caption to "<figcaption>3 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqB3image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/12MHCl-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqB3caption to "<figcaption>12 M hydrochloric acid (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqB4image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/12MNaOH-crop.png\"; alt=\"12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqB4caption to "<figcaption>12 M sodium hydroxide (aq) bottle</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqB5image to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/Na2SO4-crop.png\"; alt=\"Anhydrous sodium sulfate container\" tabindex=\"0\">")
(set: $RAqB5caption to "<figcaption>Anhydrous sodium sulfate container</figcaption>")
(set: $RAqB4video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/gT4OV7OpWHU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $RAqB5video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/bxJ9PNOpm8Y?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
<!--Sep funnel graphical assets-->
(set: $SForgimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-org-layer-crop.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel with unknown sample dissolved in the organic solvent\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel with unknown sample dissolved in $ROrg</figcaption>")
(set: $SForgillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/sf-solv-mixt.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel with unknown sample dissolved in the organic solvent\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel with unknown sample dissolved in $ROrg</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasicAqTopimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-two-layers-orgbtm.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, organic solvent, and 3 M HCl\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, $ROrg, and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasicAqTopillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/sf-orgbtm-HCl-postmix.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, organic solvent, and 3 M HCl\"><figcaption>Illustration of separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, $ROrg, and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasicAqBtmimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-two-layers-orgtop.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, solvent, and 3 M HCl\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, $ROrg, and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasicAqBtmillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/sf-orgtop-HCl-postmix.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, solvent, and 3 M HCl\"><figcaption>Illustration of separatory funnel containing biphasic system comprised of the unknown mixture, $ROrg, and 3 M HCl</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasicAqToplabel to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/sf-orgbtm-HCl-label.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel with aqueous layer on top and organic layer on bottom\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel with aqueous layer on top and organic layer on bottom</figcaption>")
(set: $SFbiphasicOrgToplabel to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/sf-orgtop-HCl-label.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel with organic layer on top and aqueous layer on bottom\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel with organic layer on top and aqueous layer on bottom</figcaption>")
<!--Beaker graphical assets-->
(set: $SFBeakerAqBtmimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-btmlayer-aq-beaker.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the aqueous layer drained from the separatory funnel; organic layer remains in the funnel\">")
(set: $SFBeakerAqBtmimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the aqueous layer drained from the separatory funnel; organic layer remains in the funnel</figcaption>")
(set: $SFBeakerOrgBtmimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-btmlayer-org-beaker.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the organic layer drained from the separatory funnel; aqueous layer remains in the funnel\">")
(set: $SFBeakerOrgBtmimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the organic layer drained from the separatory funnel; aqueous layer remains in the funnel</figcaption>")
(set: $SFBeakerAqTopimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-toplayer-aq-beaker.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the aqueous layer drained from the separatory funnel, which is now empty\">")
(set: $SFBeakerAqTopimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the aqueous layer drained from the separatory funnel, which is now empty</figcaption>")
(set: $SFBeakerOrgTopimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-toplayer-org-beaker.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the organic layer drained from the separatory funnel, which is now empty\">")
(set: $SFBeakerOrgTopimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the organic layer drained from the separatory funnel, which is now empty</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/beaker-org.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the organic layer\">")
(set: $BeakerOrgimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the organic layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/beaker-org.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of a beaker containing the organic layer\">")
(set: $BeakerOrgilluscaption to "<figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgPrecipimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/beaker-org-dry.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate\">")
(set: $BeakerOrgPrecipimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerOrgPrecipillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/beaker-org-dry.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate\">")
(set: $BeakerOrgPrecipilluscaption to "<figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the organic layer and anhydrous sodium sulfate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/beaker-aq-acid.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the aqueous layer\">")
(set: $BeakerAqimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the aqueous layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqilluspH to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/beaker-aq-acidic-pH.png\"; alt=\"Diagram of the beaker containing an acidic (pH 2) aqueous solution of the ionizable base compound in its protonated, conjugate acid form\">")
(set: $BeakerAqilluspHcaption to "<figcaption>Diagram of the beaker containing an acidic (pH 2) aqueous solution of the ionizable base compound in its protonated, conjugate acid form</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/beaker-aq-acidic.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of a beaker containing the aqueous layer\">")
(set: $BeakerAqilluscaption to "<figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing the aqueous layer</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqPrecipimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/beaker-aq-acid-precip.png\"; alt=\"Beaker containing the aqueous layer after the pH was raised and the precipitate formed\">")
(set: $BeakerAqPrecipimagecaption to "<figcaption>Beaker containing the aqueous layer after the pH was raised and the precipitate formed</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqPrecipilluspH to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/beaker-aq-basic-pH.png\"; alt=\"Diagram of the beaker containing a basic (pH 12) aqueous solution of the ionizable base compound in its deprotonated form as a precipitate\">")
(set: $BeakerAqPrecipilluspHcaption to "<figcaption>Diagram of the beaker containing a basic (pH 12) aqueous solution of the ionizable base compound in its deprotonated form as a precipitate</figcaption>")
(set: $BeakerAqPrecipillus to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/vessels/beaker-aq-basic.png\"; alt=\"Illustration of beaker containing basic aqueous layer and precipitate\">")
(set: $BeakerAqPrecipilluscaption to "<figcaption>Illustration of beaker containing basic aqueous layer and precipitate</figcaption>")
<!--Molecule identification and laboratory techniques-->
(set: $Mol1cap to "Non-ionizable compound")
(set: $Mol2cap to "Protonated form of the ionizable base compound ('salt of the base')")
(set: $Mol3cap to "Deprotonated form of the ionizable base compound (non-ionized)")
(set: $Mol4cap to "Water")
(set: $Mol5cap to "Hydronium ion")
(set: $Mol1low to "non-ionizable compound")
(set: $Mol2low to "protonated form of the ionizable base compound ('salt of the base')")
(set: $Mol3low to "deprotonated form of the ionizable base compound (non-ionized)")
(set: $Mol4low to "water")
(set: $Mol5low to "hydronium ion")
(set: $TOrg1 to "vacuum filtration then rotary evaporation")
(set: $TOrg2 to "vacuum filtration then distillation")
(set: $TOrg3 to "decanting then rotary evaporation")
(set: $TOrg4 to "decanting then distillation")
(set: $TOrg5 to "rotary evaporation then decanting")
(set: $TOrg1cap to "Vacuum Filtration then Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $TOrg2cap to "Vacuum Filtration then Distillation")
(set: $TOrg3cap to "Decanting then Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $TOrg4cap to "Decanting then Distillation")
(set: $TOrg5cap to "Rotary Evaporation then Decanting")
(set: $TOrg1video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Xwrf3uWj2MY?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TOrg2video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/AZblRFauZpU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TOrg3video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/d3OBFuCIS4w?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TOrg4video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/eJF6W6zvcKI?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TOrg5video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/zdDsrNhf8hw?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TAq1 to "vacuum filtration")
(set: $TAq2 to "rotary evaporation")
(set: $TAq3 to "distillation")
(set: $TAq4 to "decanting")
(set: $TAq5 to "no further treatment required")
(set: $TAq1cap to "Vacuum Filtration")
(set: $TAq2cap to "Rotary Evaporation")
(set: $TAq3cap to "Distillation")
(set: $TAq4cap to "Decanting")
(set: $TAq5cap to "No Further Treatment Required")
(set: $TAq1video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/YlqiuZnKXPc?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TAq2video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ZOGIYlbp038?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TAq3video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/rdWEOA38rfY?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TAq4video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/20uPT7dV7o0?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $TAq5video to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/FQ5n7lAg2ms?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
<!--Misc graphical assets-->
(set: $fhEmptyImage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/fh-empty.jpg\"; alt=\"Empty fume hood in chemistry laboratory\"><figcaption>Empty fume hood in chemistry laboratory</figcaption>")
(set: $fhSepFunImage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/fh-sepfunnel.jpg\"; alt=\"Fume hood with empty separatory funnel, empty beaker, and unknown sample\"><figcaption>Fume hood containing an empty separatory funnel, an empty beaker and the unknown sample</figcaption>")
(set: $LLEintro to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/LLE-intro-base.png\"; alt=\"Initial vial of the unknown solid mixture and unknown constituents\"><figcaption>Initial vial of the unknown solid mixture and unknown constituents</figcaption>")
(set: $IsolationComplete to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/bottles/BA-LLE-base.png\"; alt=\"Initial vial of the unknown solid mixture compared to the isolated components: solid non-ionizable compound in a round bottom flask and solid ionizable base component in watch glass\"><figcaption>Initial vial of the unknown solid mixture compared to the isolated components: solid non-ionizable compound in a round bottom flask and solid ionizable base component in watch glass</figcaption>")
(set: $RBForganicimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/rbf-org.png\"; alt=\"Round bottom flask containing the solid residue after rotary evaporation\"><figcaption>Round bottom flask containing the solid residue after rotary evaporation</figcaption>")
(set: $NeutralMass to "0." + (text: (random: 20,95)) + "0 g")
(set: $WGaqueousimage to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/wg-aq.png\"; alt=\"Watch glass containing the solid residue after vacuum filtration\"><figcaption>Watch glass containing the solid residue after vacuum filtration</figcaption>")
(set: $BaseMass to "0." + (text: (random: 20,95)) + "0 g")
(set: $drainOrgBottomvid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/I5tWrUPdIjU?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $SFdraintopaq to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-aqtop-emptybeaker.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing the aqueous layer; empty beaker below\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing the aqueous layer; empty beaker below</figcaption>")
(set: $drainAqBottomvid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/5fBQAh9odCE?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $drainOrgTopvid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/zw3wqktZUxY?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $SFdraintoporg to "<img src=\"_twine3/images/lab/sf-orgtop-emptybeaker.png\"; alt=\"Separatory funnel containing the organic layer; empty beaker below\"><figcaption>Separatory funnel containing the organic layer; empty beaker below</figcaption>")
(set: $drainAqTopvid to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/w75J16UJP00?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
(set: $WGwashing to "<br><iframe class=\"center-vid\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/KInr4hT8x4g?rel=0&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe></br>")
}<div class="step">Introduction</div> <h1>Virtual Lab: Liquid-Liquid Extraction</h1><h2>Separation and Identification of a Binary Mixture: Ionizable Base and Non-ionizable Compound</h2> <p>Liquid-liquid extraction is a very common technique used in multiple fields from quality analysis of pharmaceutical products to refining chemicals on an industrial scale. This method uses the varying acid-base and solubility properties of organic molecules to separate them. In this virtual lab, you will perform the separation of an unknown solid mixture composed of an <b>ionizable base</b> and a <b>non-ionizable (neutral) compound</b>. The simulation will randomly assign you an unknown mixture to work with.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$LLEintro</li></ul> <p>As you work through this simulation, you will: <ul><li><b>Make choices</b>, such as which reagent is appropriate or which isolation method to use. In doing so, you will be applying experimental design and identifying gaps in your knowledge in this safe space.</li> <li><b>View actual experimental techniques</b> via videos taken in the laboratory of all the major steps of this procedure.</li> <li>Finally, you will <b>make a conclusion</b> about the identity of both components in your mixture based on each component’s melting point.</li></ul></p> <p><h2>Before You Begin</h2></p> <p><b>Review the Liquid-Liquid Extraction Laboratory Unit</b> so you feel confident with concepts of acid-base chemistry, laboratory equipment, and techniques. This virtual lab is for you to make intentional decisions and not ‘guess’ what the right answer would be! If you struggle with decisions when completing the lab, review relevant sections of this laboratory unit again or reach out for help.</p> <p><b>Complete the associated Pre-Laboratory Quiz.</b> This quiz will test your understanding of the above laboratory unit.</p> <p>Set aside <b>60 minutes</b> to complete the virtual laboratory.</p> <div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Continue->instructions]]</span></button></div><!--(append: ?Sidebar)[
(link: "Restart")[(reload:)]]-->(if: $showFooter is true)[<center><div class="footer">All material licensed under the Ontario Commons License (Version 1.0)
See (link: "Credits and Copyright")[(goto: "credits and copyright")]</div></center>]<div class="step">Learning Objectives</div> <h2>Learning Objectives</h2><p>By the end of this simulation, you should be able to:<ul> <li>Use liquid-liquid extraction to separate an unknown mixture composed of an <b>ionizable base</b> and a <b>non-ionizable (neutral)</b> compound and isolate both constituents</li> <li>Identify which of the two compounds can be extracted into the aqueous layer using its acid-base properties.</li> <li>Identify the organic and aqueous layers in the separatory funnel.</li><li>Visualize the change in solubility (water-soluble or not) caused by ionization of organic molecules.</li> <li>Choose the appropriate reagents at each stage of the liquid-liquid extraction based by following acid-base and laboratory safety principles. <li>Use characterization techniques (melting point analysis, infrared spectroscopy) to <b>confirm the identity</b> of organic molecules.</li></ul><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$fhEmptyImage</li></ul></li><p>For safety reasons, you will be working inside the fume hood for your experiment today. The fume hood protects you from several hazards in the organic chemistry lab:<ul><li>The air flow contains potentially harmful (toxic, flammable, or noxious smelling) fumes from organic solvents and other chemicals used.</li><li>When properly lowered, the glass sash also protects your face and upper body from splashes. The sash can also be fully closed if a fire starts in the fume hood and provide a barrier to slow the fire spread.</li></ul></p> <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Begin->organic solvent]]</span></button></div><div class="step">Choice of Organic Solvent</div> <p>Notice you now have a separatory funnel, an empty 100 mL beaker and your unknown sample in your fume hood. The unknown sample ID is <b>(if:$basicCompound is $B1)[2](else-if:$basicCompound is $B2)[4](else-if:$basicCompound is $B3)[6](if:$neutralCompound is $N1)[3](else-if:$neutralCompound is $N2)[5](else-if:$neutralCompound is $N3)[7]</b> and the solid weighs <b>exactly 2.00 g</b> and is a 1:1 mixture by mass of each unknown. <p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your unknown number and the initial mass of the solid sample in your experimental outline.</br></div></p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$fhSepFunImage</li></ul><p>Now you need to select a solvent that will dissolve your organic compounds in their neutral, non-charged form. For a successful liquid-liquid extraction, this solvent should be:<ul> <li>not miscible (immiscible) with water to allow the formation of two layers in the separatory funnel and</li> <li>sufficiently volatile to be removed by rotary evaporation</li><li>relatively inert so to not react with aqueous or bases used or constituents of the mixture to separate</li></ul></p> <p>The chosen solvent will be used to dissolve your unknown mixture containing an <b>ionizable base</b> and a <b>non-ionizable</b> compound in a beaker before transferring the solution to the separatory funnel.</p><p>In your flammable safety cabinet, you find five bottles of solvent. Which would be an appropriate choice in the liquid-liquid extraction?</p> <p><b>Select a bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for each solvent if you need to review them.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[org 1<-<div class="img-clickable">$ROrg1image</div>]]$ROrg1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[org 2<-<div class="img-clickable">$ROrg2image</div>]]$ROrg2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[org 3<-<div class="img-clickable">$ROrg3image</div>]]$ROrg3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[org 4<-<div class="img-clickable">$ROrg4image</div>]]$ROrg4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[org 5<-<div class="img-clickable">$ROrg5image</div>]]$ROrg5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your solvent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $ROrg1cap)[(set: $ROrg to $ROrg1low)(goto: "feedbackROrg")]</li><li>(link: $ROrg2cap)[(set: $ROrg to $ROrg2low)(goto: "feedbackROrg")]</li><li>(link: $ROrg3cap)[(set: $ROrg to $ROrg3low)(goto: "feedbackROrg")]</li><li>(link: $ROrg4cap)[(set: $ROrg to $ROrg4low)(goto: "feedbackROrg")]</li><li>(link: $ROrg5cap)[(set: $ROrg to $ROrg5low)(goto: "feedbackROrg")]</li></ul></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$ROrg1image$ROrg1caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">$ROrg1cap</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/diethyl-ether-black.png"><figcaption>Diethyl ether chemical structure, (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/flame.png"><figcaption>Flame</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>POISON</p>
<p>EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Extremely flammable liquid and vapour. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not inhale vapours or mist. May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</b></p>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to solvent selection->organic solvent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$ROrg2image$ROrg2caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">$ROrg2cap</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/dichloromethane-black.png"><figcaption>Dichloromethane chemical structure, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/health-hazard.png"><figcaption>Health hazard</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>POISON</p>
<p>CARCINOGEN</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />84.93 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />1.33 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />40.0 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. Suspected of causing cancer.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to solvent selection->organic solvent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$ROrg3image$ROrg3caption</li></ul>
{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">$ROrg3cap</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/methanol-black.png"><figcaption>Methanol chemical structure, CH<sub>3</sub>OH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/flame.png"><figcaption>Flame</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/skull-crossbones.png"><figcaption>Skull and crossbones</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/health-hazard.png"><figcaption>Health hazard</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>POISON</p>
<p>HIGHLY FLAMMABLE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />32.04 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.792 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />64.7 °C</p>
<p>Miscible with water</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Highly flammable liquid and vapour. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled. Causes damage to organs.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to solvent selection->organic solvent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$ROrg4image$ROrg4caption</li></ul>
{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">$ROrg4cap</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/ethyl-acetate-black.png"><figcaption>Ethyl acetate chemical structure, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>2</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/flame.png"><figcaption>Flame</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>POISON</p>
<p>HIGHLY FLAMMABLE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />88.11 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.902 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />77.0 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Highly flammable liquid and vapour. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Causes eye serious irritation.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to solvent selection->organic solvent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$ROrg5image$ROrg5caption</li></ul>
{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">$ROrg5cap</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/toluene-black.png"><figcaption>Toluene chemical structure, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/flame.png"><figcaption>Flame</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/health-hazard.png"><figcaption>Health hazard</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>POISON</p>
<p>HIGHLY FLAMMABLE</p>
<p>TERATOGEN</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />92.14 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.867 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />110.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Highly flammable liquid and vapour. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Toxic by ingestion. Causes skin irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.
<b><p>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</div>}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to solvent selection->organic solvent]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">Choice of Organic Solvent</div> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg2low or $ROrg4low)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the solvent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $ROrg. This is <b>correct</b>, you would obtain a biphasic system with this solvent and an aqueous reagent!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your solvent choice in your experimental outline!</br></div> <p>Watch the video below for the preparation of the unknown sample solution and addition to the separatory funnel.</p> $CorrectSolventVideo<div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->aqueous reagent]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg3low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the solvent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $ROrg. This is <b>incorrect</b>, please review this solvent’s properties! Remember that the system containing the organic solvent and an aqueous solution should be biphasic.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another solvent->organic solvent]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg5low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the solvent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $ROrg. This is <b>incorrect</b>, please review this solvent’s properties! Remember that when isolating the components of the unknown mixture, you will need to evaporate the organic solvent by rotary evaporation.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another solvent->organic solvent]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Choice of Aqueous Reagent</div> <p>Your unknown mixture is now dissolved in $ROrg and in the separatory funnel. Your next step is to select an aqueous reagent that will react with one of the compounds in the mixture to create a <b>water-miscible ion</b>.
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SForgimage</li></ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SForgillus</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following aqueous solutions. <p><b>Click on a bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for each reagent if you need to review them. <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[aqA1<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqA1image</div>]]$RAqA1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqA2<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqA2image</div>]]$RAqA2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqA3<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqA3image</div>]]$RAqA3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqA4<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqA4image</div>]]$RAqA4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqA5<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqA5image</div>]]$RAqA5caption</li></ul></br>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RAqA1)[(set: $RAqA to $RAqA1)(goto: "feedbackRAqA")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqA2)[(set: $RAqA to $RAqA2)(goto: "feedbackRAqA")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqA3)[(set: $RAqA to $RAqA3)(goto: "feedbackRAqA")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqA4)[(set: $RAqA to $RAqA4)(goto: "feedbackRAqA")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqA5)[(set: $RAqA to $RAqA5)(goto: "feedbackRAqA")]</li> </ul></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqA1image$RAqA1caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric Acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->aqueous reagent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqA2image$RAqA2caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->aqueous reagent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqA3image$RAqA3caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric Acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->aqueous reagent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqA4image$RAqA4caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->aqueous reagent]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqA5image$RAqA5caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Saturated Sodium Chloride (aq.)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/brine-black.png"><figcaption>Saturated sodium chloride (aq.), NaCl</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->aqueous reagent]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">Identification of Biphasic System</div> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg4low)[(set: $OrganicLayerTop to true)(set: $OrganicLayer to "top")] (else:)[(set: $OrganicLayerBottom to true)(set: $OrganicLayer to "bottom")]<p>Your separatory funnel now contains a biphasic system comprised of $ROrg and aqueous $RAqA.
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(if: $OrganicLayerTop)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasicAqBtmimage</li></ul>] (else-if: $OrganicLayerBottom)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasicAqTopimage</li></ul>]
=|=
(if: $OrganicLayerTop)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasicAqBtmillus</li></ul>] (else-if: $OrganicLayerBottom)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$SFbiphasicAqTopillus</li></ul>]
|==|
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which layer is the organic layer?</br><ul> <li>[[Organic layer is on the top->organic top]]</li> <li>[[Organic layer is on the bottom->organic bottom]]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Choice of Aqueous Reagent</div> (if: $RAqA is $RAqA1)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $RAqA. This is the <b>correct</b> reagent to protonate the ionizable base compound and move it to the aqueous layer!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your aqueous reagent choice in your experimental outline!</br></div> <p>Watch the video below for this portion of the procedure, including how the shaking process allows for acid-base reaction to happen and cause the change in solubility of the ionizable base compound.</p> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg2low)[$RAqA1videoAqTop] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg4low)[$RAqA1videoAqBtm] <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[biphasic system<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (if: $RAqA is $RAqA2)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $RAqA. This is <b>incorrect</b> and will not allow for the separation of the molecules.</p> <p>Watch the video below for an explanation on how to use acid-base properties of organic compounds to separate them in liquid-liquid extraction before returning to the reagent selection page.</p> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg2low)[$RAqA2videoAqTop] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg4low)[$RAqA2videoAqBtm] <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous reagent<-Choose another aqueous reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $RAqA is $RAqA3)[<p><div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div></p> You chose $RAqA. This is <b>incorrect</b> and will not allow for the separation of the molecules. In addition, be sure to consider safety hazards of the reagents used as you will be shaking the separatory funnel and splashes could happen.</p> <p>Watch the video below for an explanation on how to use acid-base properties of organic compounds to separate them in liquid-liquid extraction before returning to the reagent selection page.</p> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg2low)[$RAqA3videoAqTop] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg4low)[$RAqA3videoAqBtm] <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous reagent<-Choose another aqueous reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $RAqA is $RAqA4)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $RAqA. This is <b>incorrect</b>. While this reagent would cause a reaction and change in solubility of one of the compounds, you must consider safety hazards of the reagents you use. Since you will be shaking the separatory funnel, splashes could happen.</p> <p>Watch the video below for an explanation of why corrosive chemicals are dangerous in liquid-liquid extraction before returning to the reagent selection page.</p> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg2low)[$RAqA4videoAqTop] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg4low)[$RAqA4videoAqBtm] <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous reagent<-Choose another aqueous reagent]]</span></button></div>] (if: $RAqA is $RAqA5)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the aqueous reagent choice!</br></div></p> You chose saturated aqueous NaCl. This is <b>incorrect</b> and will not allow for the separation of the molecules.</p> <p>Watch the video below for an explanation on how to use acid-base properties of organic compounds to separate them in liquid-liquid extraction before returning to the reagent selection page.</p> (if: $ROrg is $ROrg2low)[$RAqA5videoAqTop] (else-if: $ROrg is $ROrg1low or $ROrg4low)[$RAqA5videoAqBtm] <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous reagent<-Choose another aqueous reagent]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Identification of Biphasic System</div> (if: $OrganicLayerTop)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the layer identification!</br></div><p><b>Correct</b>, the organic layer is at the top since $ROrg is less dense than water.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Check the appropriate boxes on your experimental outline</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFbiphasicOrgToplabel</li></ul> <p>We will now drain the top layer from the separatory funnel, the video below demonstrates how this is achieved.</br>$drainAqBottomvid <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->aqueous layer analysis]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $OrganicLayerBottom)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the layer identification!</br></div><p>That is <b>incorrect</b>. What physical property of the organic solvent would determine if it formed the top or bottom layer? Note that because aqueous reagents used are fairly dilute, we can assume that the aqueous layer roughly has the same physical properties as water, aside from acid-base reactivity.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another option->biphasic system]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Identification of Biphasic System</div> (if: $OrganicLayerBottom)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the layer identification!</br></div><p><b>Correct</b>, the organic layer is at the bottom since $ROrg is more dense than water.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Check the appropriate boxes on your experimental outline</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFbiphasicAqToplabel</li></ul><p>We will now drain the bottom layer from the separatory funnel, the video below demonstrates how this is achieved.</p> $drainOrgBottomvid<div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->organic layer analysis]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $OrganicLayerTop)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the layer identification!</br></div><p>That is <b>incorrect</b>. What physical property of the organic solvent would determine if it formed the top or bottom layer? Note that because aqueous reagents used are fairly dilute, we can assume that the aqueous layer roughly has the same physical properties as water, aside from acid-base reactivity.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[Choose another option->biphasic system]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Content of the Organic Layer</div> (if: $OrganicLayerBottom)[<p>You have separated the organic layer (bottom layer) from the aqueous layer. The latter remains in the separatory funnel as we work on the organic layer drained into a beaker.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFBeakerOrgBtmimage</li></ul>] (else-if: $OrganicLayerTop)[<p>The organic layer remained in the separatory funnel as you worked on the aqueous layer. Watch the video below demonstrating the drainage of the final layer into a beaker:</p>$drainOrgTopvid<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFBeakerOrgTopimage$SFBeakerOrgTopimagecaption </li></ul>] <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the organic layer contain at this point of the separation?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Mol1cap)[(set: $MolOrg1 to $Mol1low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol2cap)[(set: $MolOrg1 to $Mol2low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol3cap)[(set: $MolOrg1 to $Mol3low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol4cap)[(set: $MolOrg1 to $Mol4low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol5cap)[(set: $MolOrg1 to $Mol5low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg1")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of the Aqueous Layer</div> (if: $OrganicLayerTop)[<p>You have separated the aqueous layer (bottom layer) from the organic layer. The organic layer remains in the separatory funnel as you work on the aqueous layer drained into a beaker.</p></p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFBeakerAqBtmimage$SFBeakerAqBtmimagecaption</li></ul>] (else-if: $OrganicLayerBottom)[<p>The aqueous layer remained in the separatory funnel as you worked on the organic layer. Watch the video below demonstrating the drainage of the final layer into a beaker:</p>$drainAqTopvid<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFBeakerAqTopimage$SFBeakerAqTopimagecaption </li></ul>]
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the aqueous layer contain at this point of the separation?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Mol1cap)[(set: $MolAq1 to $Mol1low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol2cap)[(set: $MolAq1 to $Mol2low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol3cap)[(set: $MolAq1 to $Mol3low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol4cap)[(set: $MolAq1 to $Mol4low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq1")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol5cap)[(set: $MolAq1 to $Mol5low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq1")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of the Organic Layer</div> (if: $MolOrg1 is $Mol1low)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen the $MolOrg1. This is <b>correct</b>! As this compound does not react with the 3 M HCl used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it remains soluble in the organic layer. </p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the molecule contained in the organic layer in your experimental outline.</br></div></p><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[treatment of organic layer<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg1 is $Mol2low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents when they are in their neutral, uncharged state and that you used 3 M HCl as aqueous layer to ionize one of the two constituents of the mixture. Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[organic layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg1 is $Mol3low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents when they are in their neutral, uncharged state. What effect did the 3 M HCl you used as aqueous layer have on the solubility of the organic components of the initial unknown mixture in the organic solvent? Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[organic layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg1 is $Mol4low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. The <b>aqueous</b> layer is made up of water, and the chosen organic solvent is not miscible with water! Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[organic layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg1 is $Mol5low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. The hydronium ion is very polar and therefore has low solubility in the organic phase. Although you have chosen 3 M HCl as the aqueous phase and the hydronium ion concentration would be high at the acidic pH, this ion does not dissolve in the organic solvent. Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[organic layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Treatment of the Organic Layer</div> <p>You now must choose an appropriate reagent to complete the isolation of the compound in the organic layer. This reagent should help remove traces of water left in the solvent.<br>
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerOrgimage$BeakerOrgimagecaption</li></ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerOrgillus$BeakerOrgilluscaption</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following reagents. <p><b>Click on a bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for each reagent if you need to review them. </p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[orgB1<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB1image</div>]]$RAqB1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[orgB2<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB2image</div>]]$RAqB2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[orgB3<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB3image</div>]]$RAqB3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[orgB4<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB4image</div>]]$RAqB4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[orgB5<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB5image</div>]]$RAqB5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RAqB1)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB1)(goto: "feedbackRAqBOrg")]</li><li>(link: $RAqB2)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB2)(goto: "feedbackRAqBOrg")]</li><li>(link: $RAqB3)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB3)(goto: "feedbackRAqBOrg")]</li><li>(link: $RAqB4)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB4)(goto: "feedbackRAqBOrg")]</li><li>(link: $RAqB5)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB5)(goto: "feedbackRAqBOrg")]</li></ul></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB1image$RAqB1caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric Acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aqueous layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB2image$RAqB2caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
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<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aqueous layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB3image$RAqB3caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric Acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aqueous layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB4image$RAqB4caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aqueous layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB5image$RAqB5caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Sulfate (anhydrous, solid)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/sodium-sulfate-black.png"><figcaption>sodium sulfate (solid), Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale dust. Material is irritating to the upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. <p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of aqueous layer]]</span></button>
</div><div class="step">Treatment of the Organic Layer</div> (if: $RAqB is $RAqB5)[<p><div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the reagent choice!</br></div></p> You chose anhydrous sodium sulfate. This is <b>correct</b>! Due to its hygroscopic nature, this solid salt will absorb traces of water remaining in the organic layer.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your reagent choice in your experimental outline!</br></div> <p>Watch the following video demonstrating this portion of the procedure.</p>$RAqB5video<p>After treatment with Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, the organic layer is now free of traces of water and therefore “dry”.<br>
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerOrgPrecipimage$BeakerOrgPrecipimagecaption</li></ul>]
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[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerOrgPrecipillus$BeakerOrgPrecipilluscaption</li></ul>]
|==|
<div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[isolation of organic layer<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $RAqB. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that the appropriate reagent here will help remove traces of water left behind in the organic layer. It should also be easy to remove prior to the rotary evaporation.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[treatment of organic layer<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Organic Layer</div><p>You now have your dried organic layer and are ready to isolate the unknown compound it contains. You also need to remove the drying agent as you want your organic compound to be as pure as possible to help us identify it by taking its melting point.<br><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerOrgPrecipimage$BeakerOrgPrecipimagecaption</li></ul></br> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which of the following combined methods is appropriate to finish the isolation of the compound in the organic layer?<ul> <li>(link: $TOrg1cap)[(set: $TOrg to $TOrg1)(goto: "feedbackTOrg")]</li><li>(link: $TOrg2cap)[(set: $TOrg to $TOrg2)(goto: "feedbackTOrg")]</li><li>(link: $TOrg3cap)[(set: $TOrg to $TOrg3)(goto: "feedbackTOrg")]</li><li>(link: $TOrg4cap)[(set: $TOrg to $TOrg4)(goto: "feedbackTOrg")]</li><li>(link: $TOrg5cap)[(set: $TOrg to $TOrg5)(goto: "feedbackTOrg")]</li></br> </ul></div><div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Organic Layer</div>
(if: $TOrg is $TOrg3)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $TOrg. This is <b>correct</b>! The spent sodium sulfate will remain in the beaker upon decanting and rotary evaporation quickly removes solvent under reduced pressure.<div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record your method choice in your experimental outline.</br></div><p>Watch the following video explaining the isolation of the compound found in the organic layer.</p>$TOrg3video <p>You now have the isolated non-ionizable compound in a round bottom flask.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForganicimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[compound analysis - organic layer<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $TOrg. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that we want a combination of methods that will allow us to remove the drying agent and the solvent while minimizing the loss of the compound of interest.</p><p>Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> (if: $TOrg is $TOrg1)[$TOrg1video] (else-if: $TOrg is $TOrg2)[$TOrg2video] (else-if: $TOrg is $TOrg4)[$TOrg4video] (else-if: $TOrg is $TOrg5)[$TOrg5video] <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[isolation of organic layer<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Compound Isolated from Organic Layer</div><p>You now have the solid organic compound isolated from the organic layer in the round bottom flask.<br><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForganicimage</li></ul></br> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule does the organic layer contain at this point of the separation? <ul> <li>(link: $Mol1cap)[(set: $MolOrg2 to $Mol1low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol2cap)[(set: $MolOrg2 to $Mol2low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol3cap)[(set: $MolOrg2 to $Mol3low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol4cap)[(set: $MolOrg2 to $Mol4low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol5cap)[(set: $MolOrg2 to $Mol5low)(goto: "feedbackMolOrg2")]</li></br></ul></div><div class="step">Compound Isolated from Organic Layer</div> (if:$MolOrg2 is $Mol1low)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg2. This is <b>correct</b>! As this compound does not react with the 3 M HCl used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it remains soluble in the organic layer throughout the procedure.</p> <p>After weighing the compound, you determined that the solid weighs $NeutralMass.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the mass of the non-ionizable compound in your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForganicimage </li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[checkpoint - bottom<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg2 is $Mol2low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents when they are in their neutral, uncharged state and that you used 3 M HCl as aqueous layer to ionize one of the two constituents of the mixture. Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - organic layer<-Choose another compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg2 is $Mol3low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents when they are in their neutral, uncharged state. What effect did the 3 M HCl you used as aqueous layer have on the solubility of the organic components of the initial unknown mixture in the organic solvent? Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic phase.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - organic layer<-Choose another compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg2 is $Mol4low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. The <b>aqueous</b> layer is made up of water, and the chosen organic solvent is not miscible with water! In addition, you treated the organic layer with a drying to remove any leftover traces of water. Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - organic layer<-Choose another compound]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolOrg2 is $Mol5low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolOrg2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. The hydronium ion is very polar and therefore has low solubility in the organic phase. Think of the constituent of the initial unknown mixture still dissolved in the organic layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - organic layer<-Choose another compound]]</span></button></div>](set: $bottomComplete to true)(if: $topComplete) [<div class="step">Isolation Complete!</div><p>You have isolated both compounds contained in the initial unknown mixture: the <b>non-ionizable compound</b> and the <b>ionizable base</b>. You can now proceed to the identification of the two compounds by taking their melting points.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$IsolationComplete</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Identify the unknowns->compound identification]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: not $topComplete) [<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have to finish the isolation of the compound in the <b>aqueous layer</b>. In the next portion of the virtual lab, you will work on the aqueous layer to retrieve the compound it contains to then identify it.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFdraintopaq</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->aqueous layer analysis]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Identification of the Isolated Compounds</div><p>With the two components of the unknown sample separated from one another, we can now identify each molecule.<br>
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[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$RBForganicimage</li></ul>]
=|=
[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$WGaqueousimage</li></ul>]
|==|
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select one of the two vessels to take the melting point of the solid it contains:</br><ul><li>[[Round bottom flask->MP neutral]]</li> <li>[[Watch glass->MP basic]]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of the Aqueous Layer</div> (if:$MolAq1 is $Mol1low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are generally only soluble in water when they bear a non-zero charge. You used 3 M HCl to ionize one of the two constituents of the mixture!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq1 is $Mol2low)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq1. This is <b>correct</b>! As the acid reacts with the 3 M HCl used in the liquid-liquid extraction, it becomes a positively charged ion soluble in the aqueous layer.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the molecule contained in the aqueous layer in your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqilluspH$BeakerAqilluspHcaption</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[treatment of aqueous layer<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq1 is $Mol3low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p> You have chosen $MolAq1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are generally only soluble in water when they bear a non-zero charge. You used an aqueous reagent to ionize one of the two constituents of the mixture!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq1 is $Mol4low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Although the aqueous layer is made up of mostly water, this is not a compound we are interested in isolating! Think about which constituent of the initial unknown mixture was extracted into the aqueous layer!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>](else-if:$MolAq1 is $Mol5low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq1. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Although the hydronium ion concentration is quite high when the pH is acidic, this is not a compound we are interested in isolating!. Think about which constituent of the initial unknown mixture was extracted into the aqueous layer!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[aqueous layer analysis<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Treatment of the Aqueous Layer</div> <p>We now must choose an appropriate reagent to complete the isolation of the compound in the aqueous layer. This reagent should <b>react with the conjugate acid of the ionizable base compound</b> so it can return to its neutral (non-ionized) state and be retrieved from the aqueous layer. The aqueous layer currently has a pH around 2.<br>
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[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqimage$BeakerAqimagecaption</li></ul>]
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[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqillus$BeakerAqilluscaption</li></ul>]
|==|
In the laboratory, you have access to the following reagents.<p><b>Click on a bottle to inspect the properties and hazard information</b> for each reagent if you need to review them.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-item">[[aqB1<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB1image</div>]]$RAqB1caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqB2<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB2image</div>]]$RAqB2caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqB3<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB3image</div>]]$RAqB3caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqB4<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB4image</div>]]$RAqB4caption</li> <li class="flex-item">[[aqB5<-<div class="img-clickable">$RAqB5image</div>]]$RAqB5caption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br><ul> <li>(link: $RAqB1)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB1)(goto: "feedbackRAqBAq")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqB2)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB2)(goto: "feedbackRAqBAq")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqB3)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB3)(goto: "feedbackRAqBAq")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqB4)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB4)(goto: "feedbackRAqBAq")]</li> <li>(link: $RAqB5)[(set: $RAqB to $RAqB5)(goto: "feedbackRAqBAq")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Treatment of the Aqueous Layer</div> (if: $RAqB is $RAqB4)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose 12 M NaOH. This is <b>correct</b>! The concentrated base will be able to neutralize the protonated form of the ionizable base compound (“salt of the base”) and the ionizable base compound precipitates out of the aqueous layer.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your reagent choice in your experimental outline!</br></div> <p>Watch the following video demonstrating this portion of the procedure.</p>$RAqB4video <p>After 12 M NaOH was added until the pH reaches a value of around 12, the ionizable base precipitates out of the solution and can be isolated.<br>
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[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqPrecipimage$BeakerAqPrecipimagecaption</li></ul>]
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[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-lab">$BeakerAqPrecipillus$BeakerAqPrecipilluscaption</li></ul>]
|==|
<div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[compound analysis - aqueous layer<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the reagent choice!</br></div><p>You chose $RAqB. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that the appropriate reagent here will react with the protonated form of the ionizable base compound (“salt of the base”) and help obtain the compound in a form easy to isolate from the aqueous layer.</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[treatment of aqueous layer<-Choose another reagent]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Content of the Basified Aqueous Layer</div> <p>We now have the basified aqueous layer. The solution has a pH of around 12 and contains a precipitate.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqPrecipimage$BeakerAqPrecipimagecaption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which molecule has precipitated during the basification?</br><ul> <li>(link: $Mol1cap)[(set: $MolAq2 to $Mol1low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol2cap)[(set: $MolAq2 to $Mol2low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol3cap)[(set: $MolAq2 to $Mol3low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol4cap)[(set: $MolAq2 to $Mol4low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq2")]</li> <li>(link: $Mol5cap)[(set: $MolAq2 to $Mol5low)(goto: "feedbackMolAq2")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Content of the Basified Aqueous Layer</div> (if:$MolAq2 is $Mol1low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are generally only soluble in water when they bear a non-zero charge. You used 3 M HCl to ionize one of the two constituents of the mixture!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - aqueous layer<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq2 is $Mol2low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Recall that organic molecules are soluble in water or aqueous solutions when they bear a non-zero charge. At a pH of 12, what form does the ionizable base molecule take?</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - aqueous layer<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq2 is $Mol3low)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen the $MolAq2. This is <b>correct</b>!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the molecule contained in the acidified aqueous layer in your experimental outline.</br></div></p><p>The 12 M NaOH deprotonated the salt of the base originally contained in the aqueous layer. Once the pH of the aqueous solution is strongly basic (around 12), the ionizable base bears no charge, it is no longer soluble in water and precipitates out.</p> <ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqPrecipilluspH$BeakerAqPrecipilluspHcaption </li></ul><br><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[isolation of aqueous layer<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq2 is $Mol4low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Although the aqueous solution is made up of mostly water, this is not a compound we are interested in isolating! Think about which constituent of the initial unknown mixture was extracted into the aqueous layer!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - aqueous layer<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MolAq2 is $Mol5low)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the molecule choice!</br></div><p>You have chosen $MolAq2. This is <b>incorrect</b>. The aqueous solution now has a pH of about 12, and the hydronium ion concentration is very low when the pH is basic. Think about which constituent of the initial unknown mixture was extracted into the aqueous layer!</p><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[compound analysis - aqueous layer<-Choose another molecule]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Basified Aqueous Layer</div><p>You now have your basified aqueous layer and are ready to isolate the unknown compound it contains. We want our organic compound to be as pure as possible to help us identify it by taking its melting point.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$BeakerAqPrecipimage$BeakerAqPrecipimagecaption</li></ul>
<div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Which of the following methods is appropriate to finish the isolation of the compound in the aqueous layer?</br><ul> <li>(link: $TAq1cap)[(set: $TAq to $TAq1)(goto: "feedbackTAq")]</li> <li>(link: $TAq2cap)[(set: $TAq to $TAq2)(goto: "feedbackTAq")]</li> <li>(link: $TAq3cap)[(set: $TAq to $TAq3)(goto: "feedbackTAq")]</li> <li>(link: $TAq4cap)[(set: $TAq to $TAq4)(goto: "feedbackTAq")]</li> <li>(link: $TAq5cap)[(set: $TAq to $TAq5)(goto: "feedbackTAq")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Basified Aqueous Layer</div> (if: $TAq is $TAq1)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $TAq. This is <b>correct</b>! This method is ideal to quickly separate the mixture of a solid in a liquid when we are interested in the solid. The suction will help dry the ionizable base compound in the Büchner so we can take a melting point accurately. </p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record your method choice in your experimental outline.</br></div> <p>Watch the following video explaining the isolation of the compound found in the aqueous layer. </p> $TAq1video <p>You now have the isolated ionizable base compound in a watch glass, which you will identify by taking its melting point.</p><p>After weighing the compound, you determined that the solid weighs $BaseMass.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the mass of the ionizable base in your experimental outline.</br></div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$WGaqueousimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[checkpoint - top<-Next]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the technique choice!</br></div><p>You chose $TAq. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Consider the fact that we have a mixture of a solid in a liquid. Which portion of the mixture are we interested in, and how can we isolate it quickly and efficiently?</p> (if: $TAq is $TAq2)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $TAq2video] (else-if: $TAq is $TAq3)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $TAq3video] (else-if: $TAq is $TAq4)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $TAq4video] (else-if: $TAq is $TAq5)[<p> Watch the video below for an explanation of why your choice of technique would not be optimal:</p> $TAq5video] <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[isolation of aqueous layer<-Choose another method]]</span></button></div>](set: $topComplete to true)(if: $bottomComplete) [<div class="step">Isolation Complete!</div><p>You have isolated both compounds contained in the initial unknown mixture: the <b>non-ionizable compound</b> and the <b>ionizable base</b>. You can now proceed to the identification of the two compounds by taking their melting points.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$IsolationComplete</li></ul><br /><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Identify the unknowns->compound identification]]</span></button></div>](else-if: not $bottomComplete) [<div class="step">Isolation of Compound in Organic Layer</div><p>You now have to finish the isolation of the compound in the <b>organic layer</b>. In the next portion of the virtual lab, you will work on the organic layer to retrieve the compound it contains to then identify it.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$SFdraintoporg</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->organic layer analysis]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of the Solid Non-Ionizable Compound</div><p>The following video illustrates how the solid in the round bottom flask is sampled from the round bottom flask to take the melting point, then demonstrates the actual analysis. Be sure to record the temperature when the sample begins to melt, and the temperature when the solid is fully melted.</p><p>You will need this melting range to match it to the list of possible unknowns, record the values on your experimental outline as well.</p>(if: $neutralCompound is $N1)[$MPN1video <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for the unknown non-ionizable compound?<ul> <li>(link: $MPN1A)[(set: $MPN to $MPN1A)(goto: "feedbackMPN")]</li> <li>(link: $MPN1B)[(set: $MPN to $MPN1B)(goto: "feedbackMPN")] <li>(link: $MPN1C)[(set: $MPN to $MPN1C)(goto: "feedbackMPN")] <li>(link: $MPN1D)[(set: $MPN to $MPN1D)(goto: "feedbackMPN")</li></ul></div>]] (else-if: $neutralCompound is $N2)[$MPN2video <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for the unknown non-ionizable compound?<ul> <li>(link: $MPN2B)[(set: $MPN to $MPN2B)(goto: "feedbackMPN")]</li> <li>(link: $MPN2A)[(set: $MPN to $MPN2A)(goto: "feedbackMPN")] <li>(link: $MPN2D)[(set: $MPN to $MPN2D)(goto: "feedbackMPN")] <li>(link: $MPN2C)[(set: $MPN to $MPN2C)(goto: "feedbackMPN")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $neutralCompound is $N3)[$MPN3video <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for the unknown non-ionizable compound?<ul> <li>(link: $MPN3D)[(set: $MPN to $MPN3D)(goto: "feedbackMPN")]</li> <li>(link: $MPN3A)[(set: $MPN to $MPN3A)(goto: "feedbackMPN")] <li>(link: $MPN3B)[(set: $MPN to $MPN3B)(goto: "feedbackMPN")] <li>(link: $MPN3C)[(set: $MPN to $MPN3C)(goto: "feedbackMPN")]</li></br></ul></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of the Solid Ionizable Base Compound</div><p>The following video illustrates how the solid in the round bottom flask is sampled from the round bottom flask to take the melting point, then demonstrates the actual analysis. Be sure to record the temperature when the sample begins to melt, and the temperature when the solid is fully melted.</p><p>You will need this melting range to match it to the list of possible unknowns, record the values on your experimental outline as well.</p>(if: $basicCompound is $B1)[$MPB1video <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for the unknown ionizable base compound?<ul> <li>(link: $MPB1D)[(set: $MPB to $MPB1D)(goto: "feedbackMPB")]</li> <li>(link: $MPB1A)[(set: $MPB to $MPB1A)(goto: "feedbackMPB")] <li>(link: $MPB1B)[(set: $MPB to $MPB1B)(goto: "feedbackMPB")] <li>(link: $MPB1C)[(set: $MPB to $MPB1C)(goto: "feedbackMPB")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $basicCompound is $B2)[$MPB2video <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for the unknown ionizable base compound?<ul> <li>(link: $MPB2C)[(set: $MPB to $MPB2C)(goto: "feedbackMPB")]</li> <li>(link: $MPB2B)[(set: $MPB to $MPB2B)(goto: "feedbackMPB")] <li>(link: $MPB2D)[(set: $MPB to $MPB2D)(goto: "feedbackMPB")] <li>(link: $MPB2A)[(set: $MPB to $MPB2A)(goto: "feedbackMPB")]</li></ul></div>] (else-if: $basicCompound is $B3)[$MPB3video <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What was the melting point you observed for the unknown ionizable base compound?<ul> <li>(link: $MPB3B)[(set: $MPB to $MPB3B)(goto: "feedbackMPB")]</li> <li>(link: $MPB3D)[(set: $MPB to $MPB3D)(goto: "feedbackMPB")] <li>(link: $MPB3A)[(set: $MPB to $MPB3A)(goto: "feedbackMPB")] <li>(link: $MPB3C)[(set: $MPB to $MPB3C)(goto: "feedbackMPB")]</li></br></ul></div>]<div class="step">Melting Point of the Solid Non-Ionizable Compound</div>(if: $MPN is $MPN1B or $MPN2B or $MPN3B)[<p><div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the melting range!</br></div></p> You chose $MPN. This is <b>correct</b>! The experimental melting point can vary based on the purity of the isolated compound. Great work making careful observations to record the melting range!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the melting point for the non-ionizable compound in your experimental outline.</br></div><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->IR neutral]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $MPN is $MPN1A or $MPN1C or $MPN2A or $MPN2C or $MPN3A or $MPN3C)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range!</br></div><p>You chose $MPN. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Carefully observe the sample during the analysis. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.<br><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[MP neutral<-Choose another temperature]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $MPN is $MPN1D or $MPN2D or $MPN3D)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range!</br></div><p>You chose $MPN. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Melting points should be recorded as ranges. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.<br><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[MP neutral<-Choose another temperature]]</span></button></div>] <div class="step">Melting Point of the Solid Non-Ionizable Compound</div>(if: $MPB is $MPB1B or $MPB2B or $MPB3B)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the melting range!</br></div><p>You chose $MPB. This is <b>correct</b>! The experimental melting point can vary based on the purity of the isolated compound. Great work making careful observations to record the melting range!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the melting point for the ionizable base in your experimental outline.</br></div><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->IR basic]]</span></button></div>] (else-if:$MPB is $MPB1A or $MPB1C or $MPB2A or $MPB2C or $MPB3A or $MPB3C)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range!</br></div><p>You chose $MPB. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Carefully observe the sample during the analysis. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.<br><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[MP basic<-Choose another temperature]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $MPB is $MPB1D or $MPB2D or $MPB3D)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the melting range!</br></div><p>You chose $MPB. This is <b>incorrect</b>. Melting points should be recorded as ranges. You should record the temperature when the solid just begins to melt, and the temperature once the sample has fully melted.<br><div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[MP basic<-Choose another temperature]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Matching the Melting Point of the Non-Ionizable Compound</div><p>The list of possible non-ionizable compounds and their literature melting points are included in the table below: <p style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.2; margin:0;"><b>Table of Possible Non-Ionizable (Neutral) Compounds in your Mixture<sup>1</sup></b></p>
{<table class="table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Compound Name</th>
<th>Melting Point (°C)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$N1cap</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">110-115</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$N2cap</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">111-113</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$N3cap</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">112-116</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>}
<p style="font-size: 14px;margin-top:-20px"><sup>1</sup>Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals, 2016-2017, Canada.</p><p>The observed melting point was $MPN and the IR spectrum revealed the molecule contained $IRN bonds. What is the identity of the ionizable base compound based on this experimental data?</p> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What is the identity of the non-ionizable compound based on this experimental data?</br><ul> <li>(link: $N1cap)[(set: $MPNguess to $N1)(goto: "feedbackMPNguess")]</li><li>(link: $N2cap)[(set: $MPNguess to $N2)(goto: "feedbackMPNguess")]</li><li>(link: $N3cap)[(set: $MPNguess to $N3)(goto: "feedbackMPNguess")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Matching the Melting Point of the Ionizable Base Compound</div><p>The list of possible ionizable base compounds and their literature melting points are included in the table below: <p style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.2; margin:0;"><b>Table of Possible Acidic Compounds in your Mixture<sup>1</sup></b></p>
{<table class="table table-responsive">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Compound Name</th>
<th>Melting Point (°C)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$B1cap</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">88-90</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$B2cap</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">88-91</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$B3cap</td>
<td style="text-align:center;">87-89</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>}
<p style="font-size: 14px;margin-top:-20px"><sup>1</sup>Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals, 2016-2017, Canada.</p><p>The observed melting point was $MPB and the IR spectrum revealed the molecule contained $IRB bonds. What is the identity of the ionizable base compound based on this experimental data?</p> <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>What is the identity of the ionizable base compound based on this experimental data?</br><ul> <li>(link: $B1cap)[(set: $MPBguess to $B1)(goto: "feedbackMPBguess")]</li><li>(link: $B2cap)[(set: $MPBguess to $B2)(goto: "feedbackMPBguess")]</li><li>(link: $B3cap)[(set: $MPBguess to $B3)(goto: "feedbackMPBguess")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Matching the Melting Point of the Non-Ionizable Compound</div>(if: $MPNguess is $neutralCompound)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the identity of the non-ionizable compound!</br></div>(set: $neutralAnalysisComplete to true)<p>You chose $MPNguess. This is <b>correct</b>! Well done, you have properly identified the non-ionizable compound in the unknown mixture!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the identity of your non-ionizable compound in your experimental outline.</br></div> (if: $MPNguess is $N1)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$N1image</li></ul>] (else-if: $MPNguess is $N2)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$N2image</li></ul>] (else-if: $MPNguess is $N3)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$N3image</li></ul>] <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->analysis checkpoint]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the identity of the non-ionizable compound!</br></div><p>You chose $MPNguess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. RIR data can help you confirm the presence of functional groups, you can also cross out possibility due to missing key functional groups.<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[match MP neutral<-Choose another compound]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Matching the Melting Point of the Ionizable Base Compound</div>(if: $MPBguess is $basicCompound)[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the identity of the ionizable base compound!</br></div>(set: $baseAnalysisComplete to true)<p>You chose $MPBguess. This is <b>correct</b>! Well done, you have properly identified the non-ionizable compound in the unknown mixture!</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the identity of your ionizable base compound in your experimental outline.</br></div>(if: $MPBguess is $B1)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$B1image</li></ul>] (else-if: $MPBguess is $B2)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$B2image</li></ul>] (else-if: $MPBguess is $B3)[<ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$B3image</li></ul>] <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->analysis checkpoint]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the identity of the ionizable base compound!</br></div><p>You chose $MPBguess. This is <b>incorrect</b>. IR data can help you confirm the presence of functional groups, you can also cross out possibility due to missing key functional groups. <div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[match MP base<-Choose another compound]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of the Non-Ionizable Compound</div><p>To complete the characterization of the non-ionizable compound, you must take the infrared spectrum of the compound. This analysis will allow to confirm the presence of all expected bonds in the molecule. <p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br>If needed, download the $IRTableLink here and use it to analyze your spectra.</br></div></p> (if: $baseAnalysisComplete)[<p>If you need to rewatch the video demonstrating how the solid is placed on the sample holder of the FTIR-ATR and the how the spectrum is acquired, you will find it below.</p>$IRvideo](else:)[<p>The following video demonstrates how the solid is placed on the sample holder of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer with Attenuated Total Reflectance accessory (FT-IR ATR for short) and the how the spectrum is acquired. This equipment allows for rapid analysis and very simple operation.</p>$IRvideo] <p>Download the IR spectrum of your non-ionizable compound and use the IR absorption table to identify the functional groups contained:</p> (if: $neutralCompound is $N1)[<p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRN1Link here.</br></div></p>] (else-if: $neutralCompound is $N2)[<p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRN2Link here.</br></div></p>] (else-if: $neutralCompound is $N3)[<p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRN3Link here.</br></div></p>] <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Based on your analysis, which functional groups and/or bonds are present in the non-ionizable compound?</br><ul> <li>(link: $IRN1)[(set: $IRN to $IRN1)(goto: "feedbackIRN")]</li> <li>(link: $IRN2)[(set: $IRN to $IRN2)(goto: "feedbackIRN")]</li> <li>(link: $IRN3)[(set: $IRN to $IRN3)(goto: "feedbackIRN")]</li> <li>(link: $IRN4)[(set: $IRN to $IRN4)(goto: "feedbackIRN")]</li></ul></div><div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of the Ionizable Base</div> <p>To complete the characterization of the ionizable basic compound, you must take the infrared spectrum of the compound. This analysis will allow to confirm the presence of all expected bonds in the molecule. <p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br>If needed, download the $IRTableLink here and use it to analyze your spectra.</br></div></p> (if: $neutralAnalysisComplete)[<p>If you need to rewatch the video demonstrating how the solid is placed on the sample holder of the FTIR-ATR and the how the spectrum is acquired, you will find it below.</p>$IRvideo](else:)[<p>The following video demonstrates how the solid is placed on the sample holder of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer with Attenuated Total Reflectance accessory (FT-IR ATR for short) and the how the spectrum is acquired. This equipment allows for rapid analysis and very simple operation.</p>$IRvideo] <p>Download the spectrum and use the IR absorption table to identify the functional groups contained:</p> (if: $basicCompound is $B1)[<p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRB1Link here.<br></div></p>] (if: $basicCompound is $B2)[<p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRB2Link here.</br></div></p>] (if: $basicCompound is $B3)[<p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br> Download the $IRB3Link here.</br></div></p>] <div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br> Based on your analysis, which functional groups and/or bonds are present in the ionizable base compound?</br><ul> <li>(link: $IRB1)[(set: $IRB to $IRB1)(goto: "feedbackIRB")]</li> <li>(link: $IRB2)[(set: $IRB to $IRB2)(goto: "feedbackIRB")]</li> <li>(link: $IRB3)[(set: $IRB to $IRB3)(goto: "feedbackIRB")]</li> <li>(link: $IRB4)[(set: $IRB to $IRB4)(goto: "feedbackIRB")]</li></ul></div>(if: $neutralAnalysisComplete and $baseAnalysisComplete)[<div class="step">Clean Your Virtual Workstation!</div> <p>You now have identified both compounds and are ready to wrap up the experiment. Make sure you clean all your glassware before leaving the laboratory!</p>$WGwashing<p>You will also need to calculate the recovery yield for both compounds to complete the experimental outline.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Calculate and record your yields in your experimental outline</br></div><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->Exit]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $baseAnalysisComplete)[<div class="step">Next Melting Point Analysis</div><p>You will now need to repeat the melting point analysis and IR spectroscopy, but for the non-ionizable neutral compound.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RBForganicimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->MP neutral]]</span></button></div>] (else-if: $neutralAnalysisComplete)[<div class="step">Next Melting Point Analysis</div><p>You will now need to repeat the melting point analysis and IR spectroscopy, but for the ionizable base compound.</p><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$WGaqueousimage</li></ul><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Next->MP basic]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">End of the Virtual Laboratory</div> <p>With both compounds identified and your lab space all cleaned, you have now finished the <b>Separation and Identification of a Binary Mixture: Ionizable Base and Non-ionizable Compound Virtual Laboratory</b>.</p> <p><div class="done-doc"><br>Use all the recorded information on your experimental outline to complete your laboratory report.</br></div></p><h2>Want to try this again?</h2><p>If you wish, you can repeat this virtual lab with a new mixture of unknown compounds. Simply reload the lab by exiting this browser window and re-opening the link.</p><div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of the Non-Ionizable Compound</div> (if: (($IRN is $IRN1) and ($neutralCompound is $N3)) or (($IRN is $IRN3) and ($neutralCompound is $N1)) or (($IRN is $IRN4) and ($neutralCompound is $N2)))[<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the functional groups of the non-ionizable compound!</br></div><p>You chose $IRN. This is <b>correct</b>! Take note of the functional groups you have identified for your non-ionizable compound in the experimental outline as they will help you identify the unknown.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the functional groups identified for your non-ionizable compound in your experimental outline.</br></div><div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Continue to identification->match MP neutral]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the functional groups of the non-ionizable compound!</br></div><p>You chose $IRN. This is <b>incorrect</b>. While an IR spectrum can show peaks in the expected region for a certain functional group, noting the strength of the absorbance is importance. Small bands can often be ignored. In addition, note that resonance into neighboring pi-bonds can change the expected absorbance wavenumber for a certain bond!<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[IR neutral<-Choose another option]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Infrared Spectrum of the Ionizable Base</div> (if: (($IRB is $IRB1) and ($basicCompound is $B2)) or (($IRB is $IRB3) and ($basicCompound is $B3)) or (($IRB is $IRB4) and ($basicCompound is $B1))) [<div class="correct"><br>Correct answer for the functional groups of the ionizable base compound!</br></div><p>You chose $IRB. This is <b>correct</b>! Take note of the functional groups you have identified for your ionizable base compound in the experimental outline as they will help you identify the unknown.</p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Record the functional groups identified for your ionizable base compound in your experimental outline.</br></div> <div class="flex-proceed"><button class="button proceed"><span>[[Continue to identification->match MP base]]</span></button></div>] (else:)[<p><div class="incorrect"><br>Incorrect answer for the functional groups of the ionizable base compound!</br></div></p> You chose $IRB. This is <b>incorrect</b>. While an IR spectrum can show peaks in the expected region for a certain functional group, noting the strength of the absorbance is importance. Small bands can often be ignored. In addition, note that resonance into neighboring pi-bonds can change the expected absorbance wavenumber for a certain bond!<div class="flex-return"><button class="button return"><span>[[IR basic<-Choose another option]]</span></button></div>]<div class="step">Introduction</div> <h1>Instructions for the Virtual Lab</h1> <p>This virtual lab incorporates videos of genuine experimentation in the lab and graphics illustrating what is occurring at the molecular level at key stages of the procedure. These videos and images <b><i>will adapt</i></b> based on your individual choices. This will equip you with a strong understanding of the process of liquid-liquid extraction and the techniques for completing this lab. </p> <p><h2>Experimental Design Choices</h2></p> <p>Throughout this lab, you will reach <b>Decision Points</b>, where you need to make experimental design choice. Some options will steer the virtual lab in a certain way, but most will have a clear correct or incorrect answer. If you select incorrectly, you can return and try again. Feedback describes why each choice is correct or incorrect. This is a learning process! Use wrong answers as a learning opportunity, and you will not be penalized for making errors along the way in the virtual lab. </p><p><div class="selection"><span class="instruction-text">Decision Point</span><br>Select your aqueous reagent:</br><ul> <li>Option 1</li><li>Option 2</li><li>Option 3</li><li>Option 4</li></ul></div></p> <p><h2>The Experimental Outline</h2></p> <p>You will see the <b>Experimental Outline</b> highlight box reminding you to record your observations and results. This organizes your findings and demonstrates that you’ve completed this lab. At the end of this lab, you will be asked to submitted the completed outline on Crowdmark. Note that if you are working with a partner, we will only need one copy of the experimental outline, so you can either work together on the virtual lab or choose one of the two outlines to submit.</p> <p><div class="exp-outline"><span class="instruction-text">Experimental Outline</span><br>Note down your data in your experimental outline!</br></div></p> <p>Download the Experimental Outline file below. It is a fillable PDF form you can complete electronically or print it to fill it by hand.</p> <p><div class="dwnld-doc"><span class="instruction-text">Download File</span><br>Download the $ExpOutlineLink here.</br></div></p> <p>The document is a fillable PDF form you can complete by typing into the text boxes, or you can print and complete by hand.</p> <p><h2>Why 60 minutes?</h2></p> <p>One hour should give you time to go through all stages of the experiment, view the feedback videos, and complete the experimental outline. This time limit is not enforced (the simulation will not quit!). You can take longer than one hour, but we encourage you to review the laboratory and be prepared for the virtual experiment just as you would before an in-person lab.</p> <p><b>Important! <i>If you need to exit this lab mid-completion, you cannot return to where you left off.</i></b> You will need to return and start from the beginning. This is why we recommend allowing yourself at least one hour of time.</p> <p>The more prepared you are, the faster you will complete the experiment – just like in a physical lab! While in this virtual lab, you can return and repeat the full experiment, this is often not possible in a physical laboratory.</p> <p><h2>Tips</h2></p> <p>You are welcome to take screenshots for your personal notes. You must have written consent of your instructor to post any course content online.</p> <p>You can review videos in full screen, turn on the closed captioning, and/or change the playback speed.</p> <div class="flex-proceed"> <button class="button proceed"><span>[[Continue->learning objectives]]</span></button></div>(set: $showFooter to false)<div class="step">Credits and Copyrights</div>
<center><img src="_twine3/images/ecampus-logo.png";alt="eCampus Ontario logo"></center><p>This project is made possible with funding by the Government of Ontario and through eCampusOntario’s support of the Virtual Learning Strategy. To learn more about the Virtual Learning Strategy visit: <a href="https://vls.ecampusontario.ca" target="_blank">https://vls.ecampusontario.ca</a>.</p>
<br> <b><u>Lead Subject Matter Expert</u></b> <ul><li><a href="mailto:lracicot@uwaterloo.ca">Dr. Leanne Racicot</a>, Laboratory Instructor, Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul><b><u>Instructional Designers</u></b> <ul><li>Julia Burke, Online Learning Consultant, Centre for Extended Learning, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Marie Lippens, Lead Learning Consultant, WatSPEED, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Developers</u></b> <ul><li>Nick Szyngiel, Instructional Digital Media Developer, Centre for Extended Learning, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Renzo Gutierrez, Lab Simulation Development Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Consulting Subject Matter Experts</u></b> <ul><li>Julie M. Goll, Instructor, Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Dr. François Magnan, Senior Undergraduate Laboratory Coordinator, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Univeristy of Ottawa</li> <li>Dr. Wendy Pell, Undergraduate Laboratories Manager, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Univeristy of Ottawa</li> <li>Dr. Mark S. Workentin, Professor, Chemistry Department, Western University</li> <li>Dr. Thorsten Dieckmann, Associate Professor, Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Experimenters in videos</u></b> <ul><li>Renzo Gutierrez, Lab Simulation Development Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Lauryn Quinn, Course and Technical Support Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Other Contributors</u></b> <ul><li>Robert Laurin, Media Production Specialist, Instructional Technologies and Media Services, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Numbo Da Rocha Pereira, Online Learning Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Eileen Tudorica, Online Learning Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li> <li>Sanil Bhimani, Course and Technical Support Assistant (co-op student), Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo</li></ul> <b><u>Laboratory Equipment Diagrams</u></b> <ul><li>Created with <a href="https://chemix.org/" target="_blank">Chemix</a></li></ul> <b><u>Icons</u></b> <ul><li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/download-1939626/" target="_blank">Download</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li> <li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/compose-1939615/" target="_blank">Compose</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li> <li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/checkmark-circle-1939611/" target="_blank">Checkmark circle</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li><li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/remove-speech-bubble-1939784/" target="_blank">Remove speech bubble</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li><li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/honour-badge-1939674/" target="_blank">Honour badge</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li> <li><a href="https://thenounproject.com/icon/done-postit-396616/" target="_blank">Done Post-it</a> by icon 54 from NounProject.com</li><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB2image$RAqB2caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Hydroxide (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB1image$RAqB1caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric Acid (3 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB3image$RAqB3caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Hydrochloric Acid (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/HCl-black.png"><figcaption>Hydrochloric acid chemical structure, HCl<sub>aq</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/exclamation-mark.png"><figcaption>Exclamation mark</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<!--<aside class="aside molecule-data">
<p>Molecular Weight:<br />74.12 g/mol</p>
<p>Density:<br />0.713 g/cm<sup>3</sup></p>
<p>Boiling Point:<br />34.6 °C</p>
<p>Immiscible with water</p>
</aside>-->
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Material is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB4image$RAqB4caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Hydroxide (12 M)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/NaOH-black.png"><figcaption>Sodium hydroxide chemical structure, NaOH</figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<article class="whmis-stickers">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-whmis"><img src="_twine3/images/whmis/corrosive.png"><figcaption>Corrosive</figcaption></li></ul>
</article>
<aside class="aside warnings">
<p>DANGER</p>
<p>CORROSIVE</p>
<p>VAPOUR HARMFUL</p>
</aside>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Do not inhale vapours or mist. Harmful to aquatic life.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If inhaled, move person to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration. If swallowed, rinse mouth with plenty of water. Consult a physician.</p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div><ul class="flex-container"><li class="flex-image">$RAqB5image$RAqB5caption</li></ul>{{<div class="wrapper">
<header class="header">Sodium Sulfate (anhydrous, solid)</header>
<article class="mainimage">
<ul class="flex-layout"><li class="flex-molecule"><img src="_twine3/images/compounds/sodium-sulfate-black.png"><figcaption>sodium sulfate (solid), Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></figcaption></li>
</ul>
</article>
<footer class="medical">Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Causes skin and eye irritation. Do not inhale dust. Material is irritating to the upper respiratory tract.
<p><b>FIRST AID:</b> In case of contact, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. <p>
<p><b>SEE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR PRODUCT.</p></b>
</footer>
</div>}}
<div class="flex-return">
<button class="button return"><span>[[Return to reagent selection->treatment of organic layer]]</span></button>
</div>